Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with and without adjuvant TACE in the developing and validation cohorts
| Variables | The developing cohort (N = 1755) | The validation cohort (N = 759) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| With adjuvant TACE (n = 533) | Without adjuvant TACE (n = 1222) | With adjuvant TACE (n = 224) | Without adjuvant TACE (n = 535) | |
| Preoperative variables | ||||
| Male sex | 476 (89.3) | 1080 (88.4) | 198 (88.4) | 468 (87.5) |
| Age > 65 years | 89 (16.7) | 260 (21.3) | 29 (12.9) | 115 (21.5) |
| Co-morbid illness | 111 (20.9) | 228 (18.7) | 72 (32.1) | 160 (29.9) |
| PS, 1–2/0 | 161/372 (30.2/69.8) | 345/877 (28.2/71.8) | 35/189 (15.7/84.3) | 82/453 (15.3/84.7) |
| ASA score > 2 | 56 (10.5) | 182 (14.9) | 19 (8.5) | 81 (15.1) |
| Etiology of liver disease, HBV/HCV/HBV + HCV/other | 446/26/15/46 (83.7/4.9/2.8/8.6) | 1010/73/27/112 (82.7/6.0/2.2/9.2) | 193/9/4/18 (86.2/4.0/1.8/8.0) | 446/32/9/48 (83.4/6.0/1.7/9.0) |
| Cirrhosis | 391 (73.4) | 958 (78.4) | 157 (70.1) | 421 (78.7) |
| Portal hypertension | 115 (21.6) | 329 (26.9) | 37 (16.5) | 129 (24.1) |
| Child–Pugh grade, A/B | 489/44 (91.7/8.3) | 1075/147 (88.0) | 207/17 (92.4/7.6) | 467/68 (87.3/12.7) |
| Preoperative ALT level > 40 U/L | 277 (52.0) | 683 (55.9) | 111 (49.6) | 289 (54.0) |
| Preoperative AST level > 40 U/L | 284 (53.3) | 703 (57.5) | 141 (62.9) | 314 (58.7) |
| Preoperative AFP level > 400 ug/L | 206 (38.6) | 489 (40.0) | 87 (38.8) | 198 (37.0) |
| Maximum tumor size, ≥ 10.0/5.0–9.9/< 5.0 cm | 128/212/193 (24.0/39.8/36.2) | 204/443/575 (16.7/36.3/47.1) | 45/96/83 (20.1/42.9/37.1) | 77/200/258 (14.4/37.4/48.2) |
| Tumor number, ≥ 3/2/1 | 91/82/360 (17.1/15.4/67.5) | 159/121/942 (13.0/9.9/77.1) | 33/35/156 (14.7/15.6/69.6) | 70/50/415 (13.1/9.3/77.6) |
| Macrovascular invasion | 67 (12.6) | 104 (8.5) | 35 (15.6) | 50 (9.3) |
| Intraoperative variables | ||||
| Intraoperative blood loss > 600 mL | 117 (22.0) | 263 (21.5) | 42 (18.8) | 104 (19.4) |
| Intraoperative blood transfusion | 145 (27.2) | 307 (25.1) | 45 (20.1) | 132 (24.7) |
| Operation time > 180 min | 86 (16.1) | 214 (17.5) | 30 (13.4) | 84 (15.7) |
| Anatomical resection | 145 (27.2) | 331 (27.1) | 63 (28.1) | 129 (24.1) |
| Major hepatectomy | 157 (29.5) | 318 (26.0) | 56 (25.0) | 132 (24.7) |
| Postoperative pathological variables | ||||
| Microvascular invasion | 306 (57.4) | 619 (50.7) | 134 (59.8) | 270 (50.5) |
| Poor tumor differentiation | 397 (74.5) | 918 (75.1) | 175 (78.1) | 415 (77.6) |
| Incomplete tumor encapsulation | 334 (62.7) | 785 (64.2) | 155 (69.2) | 344 (64.3) |
| Resection margin < 1 cm | 179 (33.6) | 386 (31.6) | 76 (33.9) | 162 (30.3) |
AFP alpha-fetoprotein, ALT alanine aminotransferase, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, AST aspartate transaminase, HBV hepatitis B virus, HCV hepatitis C virus, PS performance status, TACE transcatheter arterial chemoembolization