Table 2.

Association between various factors and physical health quality of life

Variables	Simple linear regression		Multiple linear regression model†
	B (95% CI)	P value	B (95% CI)	P value
COVID-19-related stressors and coping
Frustration due to loss of daily routine
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	−9.166 (−12.384 to −5.949)	<0.001*	−2.544 (−5.354 to 0.266)	0.076
Mean hours of online classes attended per week	0.240 (−0.014 to 0.493)	0.064	0.287 (0.083 to 0.491)	0.006*
Frustration due to study disruption
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	−8.367 (−11.783 to −4.952)	<0.001*	−4.483 (−7.315 to −1.652)	0.002*
Was your place of living highly prevalent for COVID-19-positive cases?
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	−3.647 (−7.289 to −0.005)	0.050	−2.001 (−4.740 to 0.738)	0.152
Religion helped you to cope with stress during COVID-19?
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	2.910 (−0.667 to 6.488)	0.110	1.928 (−0.803 to 4.658)	0.166
Psychological characteristics
Mean DASS-21 depression subscale score	−0.997 (−1.164 to −0.830)	<0.001*	−0.062 (−0.334 to 0.210)	0.654
Mean DASS-21 anxiety subscale score	−0.909 (−1.093 to −0.724)	<0.001*	−0.254 (−0.540 to 0.031)	0.081
Mean DASS-21 stress subscale score	−0.959 (−1.113 to −0.804)	<0.001*	−0.299 (−0.601 to −0.003)	0.049*
Social support
Mean family support score	6.284 (5.068 to 7.499)	<0.001*	2.294 (0.848 to 3.740)	0.002*
Mean friend support score	6.332 (5.102 to 7.561)	<0.001*	2.660 (1.216 to 4.105)	<0.001*
Mean significant other support score	3.967 (2.836 to 5.098)	<0.001*	0.217 (−0.997 to 1.432)	0.725

*Statistical significance at p<0.05.

†Multiple linear regression model reported that F(20,295)=15.912, p<0.001, with R²=0.519, adjusted for age, gender, marital status, living expenses, level of study which the respondents were enrolled in at the university, course enrolled in at the university, living arrangement, and history of pre-existing medical, depressive and anxiety disorders.

DASS-21, 21-Item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.