Table 1.

Characteristics and Bioactivities of Phytochemical-Encapsulated Nanoparticles^a

phytochemicals	nanoparticles			experiments
name	name/components	size (nm)	EE	model/treatments	main outcomes	refs
trans-resveratrol	solid lipid nanoparticles	248	79.9	model: Wistar male diabetic rats	↓ fasting glucose sugar	133
				treatment: oral administration of 10 mg/kg/day of resveratrol in SLN form or free form for 1 month	↓ insulin resistance
					↓ serum oxidative stress status
					↓ Snap23, Stx4 and Vamp2 level in muscle
	PLGA nanoparticles	176	97.2	model: HepG2 hepatocytes	↑ stability, water solubility and bioactivity of resveratrol	134
				treatment: 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μM of resveratrol in PLGA form or free form for 24h.	↓ lipogenesis
					↓ lipolysis
					↓ hepatocellular proliferation and lipid accumulation
	galactosylated PLGA nanoparticles	108.4	97.2	model: Caco-2 cells for uptake study	↑ Caco-2 cellular uptake of resveratrol	135
				mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 for anti-inflammation study	↓ TNF-α and IL-6 expressions
				treatment: 20 μg/mL of resveratrol in PLGA form or free form.
EGCG	lipid nanoparticles; phosphatidylcholine, kolliphor HS15, a-tocopherol acetate, EGCG, and 1-(palmitoyl)-2-(5-keto-6-octene-dioyl) phosphatidylcholine (KOdiA-PC)	108	96.0	model: human monocytic	↑ EGCG stability	80
				THP-1 cells	↑ sustained release of EGCG
				treatment: free or nano-EGCG at EGCG dose of 5, 10, 20, and 40 μg/mL in combination with 40 μg protein/mL of oxLDL for 18 h	↑ binding affinity to and uptake by macrophages
					↑ macrophage EGCG content
					↓ macrophage MCP-1 mRNA levels and protein secretion
	chitosan–tripolyphosphate nanoparticles of EGCG (EGCG is encapsulated into self-assembled nanoparticles made of chitosan and aspartic acid)	100	25.0	model: male New Zealand white rabbits	↓ TC	84
				treatment: free or nano-EGCG (7 mL of 0.5% aqueous acetic acid) at EGCG dose of 100 mg/day for 5 weeks.	↓ TG
					↓ HDL
					↓ LDL
	soy lecithin, glyceryl tridecanoate, glyceryl tripalmitate, and Kolliphor HS15	45- 50	99.0	model: THP-1-derived	↑ EGCG stability	81
				macrophages	↑ sustained release of EGCG
				treatment: free or nano-EGCG at EGCG dose of 5 μM, 10 μM and 20 μM were tested	↑ cellular bioavailability of EGCG
					↓ TC content in macrophages
					↓ MCP-1 expression in macrophages
	soy PC, surfactant Kolliphor HS15, and (+)-α-tocopherol acetate	104	95.0	Model: male 6-week old LDLr−/− mice	↓ secretion of inflammatory factors in mouse peritoneal macrophages	77
				treatment: free or nano-EGCG at EGCG dose of 25 mg/kg/body weight EGCG per week for 22 weeks	↓ lesion surface areas of aortic arches
curcumin	turmeric extract-loaded nanoemulsions	136–138	88.0	Model: Balb/c mice	↓ SREBP-1	110
				treatment: oral administration of free or nanocurcumin at a curcumin dose of 300 mg/kg/day 3 times/week for 9 weeks	↓ PPARγ2
					↓ Cleaved caspase-3
					↓ PARP in the liver
	polylactide-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA–PEG) copolymer nanoparticles	100–150	98.3	model: albino rats (STZ-induced diabetic)	↓ NF-κB activation	113
				treatment: oral administration of free or nanocurcumin at a curcumin dose of 20 mg/kg/day	↓ COX-2 and TGF-β expression
					↑ PPARγ expression
	PLGA based nanoparticles	237 ± 6	66.0	model: Sprague–Dawley rats (STZ induced diabetic)	↓ CRP, IL-6, TNF-α	136
				treatment: oral administration of nanocurcumin at a curcumin dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 15 days.	↓ plasma TG and TC
					↑ HDL-cholesterol
quercetin	succinylated chitosan-alginate core—shell-corona nanoparticles	91.58 ± 1.14	95.0	model: Male Wistar rats (STZ induced diabetic)	↓ TG	11
				treatment: oral administration of free or nanoquercetin at a quercetin dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 28 days	↓ TC
					↓ AST, ALT and ALP levels
	PLGA nanoparticles	179.9 ± 11.2	86.0	model: Sprague–Dawley rats (STZ induced diabetic)	↓ blood glucose levels (similar effect to free quercetin although with a lower dose and frequency)	129
				treatment: oral administration of free or nanoquercetin at a quercetin dose of 150 mg/kg every day for free group and every 5th day for NP group for 15 days

^aAbbreviations: SLN, solid lipid nanoparticles; EE, encapsulation efficiency; EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate; oxLDL, oxidized low density lipoprotein; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic proteins-1; NP, nanoparticle; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PC, phosphatidylcholine; Snap23, synaptosomal-associated protein 23; Stx4, Syntaxin4; Vamp2, vesicle-associated membrane protein 2; R, resveratrol; SREBP1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; STZ, streptozotocin; NF-κB, suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; TGF, tumor growth factor; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNFα, Tumor Necrosis Factor; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase.