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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 6.
Published in final edited form as: Biochemistry. 2020 Jun 2;60(13):941–955. doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00343

Table 3.

Summary of metabolic engineering approaches used for functionalizing cell membrane-coated nanoparticles

Metabolic Approaches Biosynthesis Pathways Metabolic Substrates Chemical Structures
Glycoengineering Sialic acid pathway ManNAc graphic file with name nihms-1745502-t0011.jpg
Sialic acid pathway Neu5Ac graphic file with name nihms-1745502-t0012.jpg
GalNAc salvage pathway GalNAc graphic file with name nihms-1745502-t0013.jpg
Fucose salvage pathway Fucose graphic file with name nihms-1745502-t0014.jpg
Lipid-engineering CDP-choline pathway Choline graphic file with name nihms-1745502-t0015.jpg

Note: GalNAc:N-acetylgalactosamine, ManNAc:N-acetylmannosamine, Neu5Ac:N-acetylneuraminic acid, CDP-choline: cytidine 5′-diphosphocholine. R= azide, alkynes, alkenes, ketone, thiol, isocyano, and diazirine groups.