TABLE 1.
Clinical and Laboratory Data
| Study Population (n = 28) | Value | Normal Range |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical features | ||
| Age, yra | 9 (7.5–11.2) | |
| Male sex, n (%) | 14 (50) | |
| Epidemiologic link to a person with COVID-19, n (%) | 9 (32) | |
| Underlying conditions, n (%) | 2 (7) | |
| Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction 2 scorea/Pediatric Risk of Mortality IV scorea | 3 (2–4)/3 (2–3) | |
| Acute heart failure, n (%) | 26 (93) | |
| Cardiogenic shock, n (%) | 10 (36) | |
| Distributive shock, n (%) | 2 (7) | |
| Cardiogenic and distributive shock, n (%) | 16 (57) | |
| Acute kidney injury, n (%) | 23 (82) | |
| Cardiac and laboratory variablesa | ||
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, % | 40 (34–45) | >55 |
| Troponin, ng/mL | 261 (131–390) | <26 |
| Brain natriuretic peptide, pmol/L | 2,374 (504–8,297) | <100 |
| N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide, pmol/L | 21,708 (4,028–26,000) | <300 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 3.2 (2.0–4.2) | <2 |
| d-dimer, ng/mL | 2,709 (1,939–5,177) | <500 |
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 6.2 (5.6–7.8) | 2–4 |
| Antithrombin, % | 64 (54–76) | 70–140 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 279 (223–346) | <6 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 28.5 (9.1–65.2) | <0.5 |
| Interleukin-6, pg/mL | 131 (25–273) | <8.5 |
| Hemodynamic support | ||
| Inotropes and vasoactive drugs, n (%) | 25 (89) | |
| Dobutamine, n (%) | 18 (64) | |
| Dosing, µg/kg/mina | 5.00 (5.00–5.00) | |
| Epinephrine, n (%) | 15 (54) | |
| Dosing, µg/kg/mina | 0.10 (0.05–0.18) | |
| Milrinone, n (%) | 11 (39) | |
| Dosing, µg/kg/mina | 0.50 (0.30–0.55) | |
| Norepinephrine, n (%) | 7 (25) | |
| Dosing, µg/kg/mina | 0.37 (0.30–0.95) | |
| Vasoactive Inotropic Scorea | 8 (5–28) | |
| Endothelial marker levelsa | ||
| Angiopoietin-1, pg/mL | 6,854 (5,575–9,318) | |
| Angiopoietin-2, pg/mLb | 6,426 (2,814–11,836) | |
| Angiopoietin-2/angiopoietin-1 ratiob | 1.111 (0.472–1.524) | |
| CD40L, pg/mL | 3,368 (2,886–4,025) | |
| sEndoglin, pg/mL | 2,382 (2,256–2,964) | |
| sE-selectin, pg/mLb | 130,405 (92,987–192,499) | |
| sP-selectin, pg/mLb | 35,979 (27,647–41,818) | |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor-A, pg/mL | 64 (16–100) | |
| Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, pg/mL | 8,710 (7,621–10,612) | |
| von Willebrand factor antigen, %b | 344 (288–378) | 50%–150% |
aExpressed as the median (interquartile range).
bElevated values.