Table 4.

Standardized path coefficients in SEM for older adults in cities, towns, and rural areas.

Path	Path coefficient		CRD
	City	Town
SSS→FSS (total effect)	0.471***	0.496***	0.964
FSS→Loneliness	−0.228**	−0.289**	−0.582
SSS→Loneliness (direct effect)	−0.109	−0.214*	−1.386
SSS→FSS→Loneliness (indirect effect)	−0.107**	−0.143**
	Town	Rural Areas
SSS→FSS (total effect)	0.496***	0.396***	−2.086
FSS→Loneliness	−0.289**	−0.334**	−0.532
SSS→Loneliness (direct effect)	−0.214**	−0.155**	0.847
SSS→FSS→Loneliness (indirect effect)	−0.143**	−0.132***
	City	Rural Areas
SSS→FSS (total effect)	0.471***	0.396***	−1.221
FSS→Loneliness	−0.228**	−0.334**	−1.272
SSS→Loneliness (direct effect)	−0.109	−0.155**	−0.825
SSS→FSS→Loneliness (indirect effect)	−0.107**	−0.132***

SSS, structural social support; FSS, functional social support; and CRD, critical ratios for differences between parameters.

^*p< 0.05;

^** p< 0.01

and

^***p< 0.001.