Table 2.

Summation of some of the current evidence on transferability of organoid treatment results to clinical setting.

Tumor Type	Summation	Reference
Esophageal cancer	only small sample size; organoids derived from esophageal adenocarcinoma resemble the individual patients´ poor clinical response to classic chemotherapeutics such as 5-FU paclitaxel	[69,100]
Gastric cancer	correlation of treatment response of tumor organoids from primary tumor to therapeutic response of metastases for exemplary two patients	[70]
	ambiguous results in correlation of organoid treatment effects to patients´ clinical response	[101,102]
Colorectal cancer	Showing for the first time potential of organoids to predict clinical response; shown for metastatic CRC, gastroesophageal and cholangiocellular cancer	[90]
	APOLLO trial—first interventional trial; drug screening and next generation sequencing in organoids from peritoneal metastases of CRC; providing organoid-screening stratified therapy for 2 patients	[89]
	single-arm, single-center prospective intervention trial in metastatic CRC that missed to show feasibility of optimal therapy selection by organoid based drug screen	[98]
	ClinCare study—evaluating the predictive value of PDOs from 80 therapeutically naive locally advanced rectal cancer patients for patients´ clinical response to standard of care chemo(radio)therapy; sensitivity data of 68 organoids matched clinical outcome of the patients´, only 12 did not match	[103]
	retrospective correlation of treatment response of 7 rectal PDOs to corresponding patients´ clinical performance regarding 5-FU or FOLFOX treatment	[56]
Pancreatic cancer	prospective trial evaluating and correlating PDOs from primary or metastatic tissue as predictors of clinical drug response, mainly including ductal adenocarcinoma but also less frequent subtypes	[96]
	correlating treatment efficiency in PDOs to clinical results of the corresponding four patients for gemcitabine treatment demonstrating an overall correlation	[74]
	performing therapeutic profiling (pharmacotyping) in 66 PDOs for five mainly used chemotherapeutic agents in PDAC and retrospectively correlating patients´ outcome to their corresponding PDO performance demonstrating good correlation; longitudinal organoid sampling reflected patients´ individual clinical courses	[75]
	evaluating individual response of one patient with metastatic pancreatic cancer to PDO selected chemotherapy; PDO insensitivity to initial chemotherapeutic regime was represented in clinical setting as well as good response to PDO sensitive agents	[104]
Liver cancer	no study correlating PDO response to clinical performance
Breast cancer	showing response correlation to tamoxifen of 12 PDOs from needle biopsy of metastatic breast cancer patients to the corresponding patient (their complete large PDO library (95 lines) could not be used for treatment response matching due to the establishment of organoids from surgically in sano resected tumor)	[63]
	drug identification for one patient by PDO drug screen	[105]
Ovarian cancer	showing statistically significant correlation in response of seven PDOs of five patients with high grade serous ovarian cancer to patients´ clinical history under carboplatin/paclitaxel therapy	[106]
HNSCC	matching PDO response to radiotherapy to the effects in the corresponding patients, good correlation	[95]
Glioblastom	evaluating glioblastoma organoid reaction to standard-of-care post-surgical treatment (temzolomide and radiation) to patients´ clinical performance with tendency to positive correlation; no prediction of treatment response by MGMT methylation status	[83]
Melanoma	establishing PDOs and corresponding immune-enhanced PDOs (iPDO) by usage of matching lymphnodes or WBC, treatment with different kinds of immunotherapeutic drugs (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, ipilimumab, dabrafenib/trametinib); positive correlation of iPDOs to patients´ performance in 85%; in addition longitudinal evaluation of 2 distinct tumors and corresponding organoids	[107]

Table 2 Selected studies dealing with feasibility of therapy response prediction and selection of patients´ optimal therapy based on PDO drug testing, i.a. [58,91].