Table 2.
Goodness-of-fit indices for different models of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21) and its shortened versions evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis.
| Models | Samples | χ2 | P | Df | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | RMSEA 90% CI | SRMR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 1F DASS-21 |
Sample 1 (C) | 433.259 | 0.000 | 189 | 0.902 | 0.891 | 0.088 | 0.077 to 0.099 | 0.0504 |
| Sample 2 (C) | 1399.543 | 0.000 | 189 | 0.889 | 0.877 | 0.080 | 0.076 to 0.084 | 0.0464 | |
| Sample 1 (E) | 351.518 | 0.000 | 186 | 0.934 | 0.925 | 0.073 | 0.061 to 0.085 | 0.0460 | |
| Sample 2 (E) | 964.340 | 0.000 | 183 | 0.929 | 0.918 | 0.066 | 0.062 to 0.070 | 0.0412 | |
| Model 2 2F DASS-21 |
Sample 1 (C) | 410.409 | 0.000 | 188 | 0.911 | 0.901 | 0.084 | 0.073 to 0.095 | 0.0498 |
| Sample 2 (C) | 1305.573 | 0.000 | 188 | 0.898 | 0.886 | 0.077 | 0.074 to 0.081 | 0.0447 | |
| Sample 1 (E) | 328.718 | 0.000 | 185 | 0.942 | 0.935 | 0.068 | 0.056 to 0.080 | 0.0452 | |
| Sample 2 (E) | 819.684 | 0.000 | 179 | 0.941 | 0.931 | 0.060 | 0.056 to 0.064 | 0.0373 | |
| Model 3 3F DASS-21 |
Sample 1 (C) | 396.040 | 0.000 | 186 | 0.916 | 0.905 | 0.082 | 0.071 to 0.093 | 0.0489 |
| Sample 2 (C) | 1205.022 | 0.000 | 186 | 0.907 | 0.895 | 0.074 | 0.070 to 0.078 | 0.0427 | |
| Sample 1 (E) | 360.727 | 0.000 | 184 | 0.929 | 0.919 | 0.076 | 0.064 to 0.087 | 0.0460 | |
| Sample 2 (E) | 818.366 | 0.000 | 179 | 0.942 | 0.931 | 0.060 | 0.056 to 0.064 | 0.0366 | |
| Model 4 Bifactor DASS-21 |
Sample 1 (C) | 838.898 | 0.000 | 184 | 0.938 | 0.929 | 0.071 | 0.059 to 0.083 | -- |
| Sample 2 (C) | 1207.798 | 0.000 | 184 | 0.906 | 0.893 | 0.075 | 0.071 to 0.079 | -- | |
| Model 5 1F DASS-17 item |
Sample 1 (C) | 311.184 | 0.000 | 119 | 0.905 | 0.898 | 0.098 | 0.085 to 0.112 | 0.0510 |
| Sample 2 (C) | 1957.672 | 0.000 | 119 | 0.892 | 0.877 | 0.089 | 0.084 to 0.094 | 0.0477 | |
| Sample 1 (E) | 249.932 | 0.000 | 117 | 0.934 | 0.924 | 0.082 | 0.068 to 0.097 | 0.0458 | |
| Sample 2 (E) | 329.896 | 0.000 | 60 | 0.948 | 0.932 | 0.067 | 0.060 to 0.075 | ||
| Model 6 1F Korean DASS-12 |
Sample 1 (C) | 161.031 | 0.000 | 65 | 0.924 | 0.908 | 0.094 | 0.076 to 0.112 | 0.0561 |
| Sample 2 (C) | 598.906 | 0.000 | 65 | 0.903 | 0.884 | 0.091 | 0.084 to 0.098 | 0.0529 | |
| Sample 1 (E) | 139.024 | 0.000 | 64 | 0.940 | 0.927 | 0.084 | 0.065 to 0.103 | 0.0522 | |
| Sample 2 (E) | 399.349 | 0.000 | 62 | 0.939 | 0.923 | 0.074 | 0.067 to 0.081 | 0.0465 | |
| Model 7 3F Korean DASS-12 |
Sample 1 (C) | 81.966 | 0.004 | 51 | 0.971 | 0.962 | 0.060 | 0.034 to 0.084 | 0.0388 |
| Sample 2 (C) | 375.549 | 0.000 | 51 | 0.930 | 0.910 | 0.080 | 0.073 to 0.088 | 0.0423 | |
| Sample 2 (E) | 214.140 | 0.000 | 49 | 0.965 | 0.952 | 0.058 | 0.050 to 0.066 | 0.0348 | |
| Model 8 1F Osman’s DASS-13 |
Sample 1 (C) | 154.117 | 0.000 | 65 | 0.927 | 0.912 | 0.091 | 0.072 to 0.109 | 0.0560 |
| Sample 2 (C) | 585.667 | 0.000 | 65 | 0.899 | 0.879 | 0.090 | 0.083 to 0.097 | 0.0535 | |
| Sample 1 (E) | 133.026 | 0.000 | 64 | 0.943 | 0.931 | 0.080 | 0.061 to 0.100 | 0.0525 | |
| Sample 2 (E) | 329.896 | 0.000 | 60 | 0.948 | 0.932 | 0.067 | 0.060 to 0.075 | 0.0442 | |
| Model 9 3F Osman’s DASS-13 |
Sample 1 (C) | 95.869 | 0.004 | 62 | 0.972 | 0.965 | 0.057 | 0.033 to 0.079 | 0.0413 |
| Sample 2 (C) | 297.251 | 0.000 | 62 | 0.954 | 0.943 | 0.062 | 0.055 to 0.069 | 0.0380 | |
| Sample 2 (E) | 251.989 | 0.000 | 61 | 0.963 | 0.953 | 0.056 | 0.049 to 0.064 | 0.0347 | |
| Model 10 Osman’s DASS-9 |
Sample 1 (C) | 80.404 | 0.000 | 27 | 0.917 | 0.889 | 0.106 | 0.082 to 0.137 | 0.0585 |
| Sample 2 (C) | 366.421 | 0.000 | 27 | 0.875 | 0.833 | 0.113 | 0.103 to 0.123 | 0.0586 | |
| Sample 1 (E) | 64.291 | 0.000 | 26 | 0.940 | 0.917 | 0.094 | 0.065 to 0.123 | 0.0535 | |
| Sample 2 (E) | 162.073 | 0.000 | 25 | 0.938 | 0.911 | 0.082 | 0.072 to 0.093 | 0.0505 | |
| Model 11 Osman’s DASS-9 |
Sample 1 (C) | 53.590 | 0.000 | 27 | 0.954 | 0.931 | 0.086 | 0.055 to 0.117 | 0.0468 |
| Sample 2 (C) | 366.421 | 0.000 | 27 | 0.875 | 0.833 | 0.113 | 0.103 to 0.123 | 0.0586 | |
| Sample 1 (E) | 41.339 | 0.011 | 23 | 0.971 | 0.955 | 0.069 | 0.033 to 0.102 | 0.0419 | |
| Sample 2 (E) | 72.478 | 0.000 | 22 | 0.981 | 0.969 | 0.048 | 0.036 to 0.061 | 0.0283 | |
| Model 12 A modified 3F DASS-9 |
Sample 1 (C) | 38.653 | 0.030 | 24 | 0.987 | 0.980 | 0.060 | 0.019 t0 0.094 | 0.0302 |
| Sample 2 (C) | 225.860 | 0.000 | 24 | 0.955 | 0.933 | 0.092 | 0.081 to 0.103 | 0.0323 | |
| Sample 1 (E) | 24.835 | 0.359 | 23 | 0.998 | 0.997 | 0.022 | 0.000 to 0.069 | 0.0219 | |
| Sample 2 (E) | 134.101 | 0.000 | 23 | 0.976 | 0.962 | 0.070 | 0.059 to 0.081 | 0.0265 | |
| Model 13 3F DASS-8 |
Sample 1 (C) | 30.003 | 0.026 | 17 | 0.987 | 0.979 | 0.068 | 0.023 to 0.107 | 0.0275 |
| Sample 2 (C) | 217.990 | 0.000 | 17 | 0.953 | 0.923 | 0.109 | 0.097 to 0.122 | 0.0351 | |
| Sample 1 (E) | 16.483 | 0.420 | 16 | 1.000 | 0.999 | 0.013 | 0.000 to 0.073 | 0.0186 | |
| Sample 2 (E) | 67.047 | 0.000 | 15 | 0.988 | 0.977 | 0.059 | 0.045 to 0.074 | 0.0203 |
χ2: chi-square; df: degrees of freedom; CFI: comparative fit index; TLI: Tucker–Lewis index; RMSEA: root mean square error of approximation; CI: confidence interval; SRMR: standardized root mean residual; F: factor; (C): crude model; (E): the model involves correlating residuals. Values in bold denote good fit.