Table 2.
Results of multivariate multinomial logistic regression analyses showing the associations between household characteristics and drinking water use.
| Household Characteristics |
Piped Tap on Property as Reference Category | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nearby Public Tap | Distant Public Tap | No-Tap Water | ||||
| OR (95%-CI) | p-Value | OR (95%-CI) | p-Value | OR (95%-CI) | p-Value | |
| SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS | Reference category: fifth (highest SES) | |||||
| FIRST QUINTILE | 5.12 (3.68, 7.12) | 0.00 * | 3.76 (2.53, 5.58) | 0.00 * | 8.91 (4.88, 16.28) | 0.00 * |
| SECOND QUINTILE | 4.06 (2.67, 6.19) | 0.00 * | 2.07 (1.19, 3.62) | 0.01 * | 5.66 (2.76, 11.60) | 0.00 * |
| THIRD QUINTILE | 1.99 (1.44, 2.76) | 0.00 * | 1.71 (1.12, 2.60) | 0.01 * | 2.44 (1.26, 4.73) | 0.01 * |
| FOURTH QUINTILE | 1.31 (0.96, 1.78) | 0.09 | 0.90 (0.58, 1.40) | 0.65 | 1.43 (0.72, 2.84) | 0.31 |
| HOUSEHOLD SIZE | Reference category: ≥4 members | |||||
| <4 MEMBERS | 1.10 (0.88, 1.37) | 0.42 | 1.14 (0.84, 1.53) | 0.41 | 1.03 (0.72, 1.48) | 0.86 |
| GENDER HH | Reference category: female | |||||
| MALE | 0.94 (0.74, 1.19) | 0.60 | 1.22 (0.90, 1.66) | 0.20 | 0.96 (0.65, 1.43) | 0.86 |
| AGE HH | Reference category: >50 years | |||||
| <35 YEARS | 1.76 (1.29, 2.40) | 0.00 * | 1.76 (1.13, 2.75) | 0.02 * | 1.67 (0.99, 2.80) | 0.06 |
| 35–50 YEARS | 1.71 (1.28, 2.27) | 0.00 * | 1.73 (1.18, 2.56) | 0.01 * | 1.58 (1.00, 2.49) | 0.05 |
| NATIONALITY HH | Reference category: other | |||||
| SOUTH-AFRICAN | 0.82 (0.48, 1.39) | 0.46 | 1.49 (0.64, 3.45) | 0.36 | 0.53 (0.25, 1.11) | 0.09 |
| MARITAL STATUS HH | Reference category: partner | |||||
| NO PARTNER | 0.74 (0.58, 0.93) | 0.01 * | 0.76 (0.56, 1.02) | 0.07 | 0.79 (0.55, 1.14) | 0.21 |
| EDUCATION STATUS HH | Reference category: high | |||||
| LOW | 1.18 (0.82, 1.68) | 0.37 | 1.18 (0.76, 1.84) | 0.46 | 2.44 (1.40, 4.25) | 0.00 * |
| INTERMEDIATE | 1.04 (0.81, 1.34) | 0.75 | 1.08 (0.77, 1.50) | 0.66 | 1.39 (0.90, 2.15) | 0.14 |
| EMPLOYMENT STATUS HH | Reference category: employed | |||||
| UNEMPLOYED | 0.68 (0.55, 0.85) | 0.00 * | 0.82 (0.61, 1.10) | 0.19 | 0.71 (0.49, 1.02) | 0.06 |
| NAGELKERKE PSEUDO R2 | 0.14 | |||||
Results are presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%-CI), with the use of a piped tap on property as the reference category. The model’s goodness-of-fit is calculated as the average Nagelkerke pseudo R2 of ten imputed datasets. * p < 0.05; HH = household head.