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. 2021 Sep 26;18(19):10103. doi: 10.3390/ijerph181910103

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Associations between the quartiles of maternal metallic elements (mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), and selenium (Se)) (x-axes), and odds ratios and 95% confidence interval for all abdominal congenital malformations (y-axes), compared with the Q1, in a multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusted for maternal age at delivery and maternal smoking habit, drinking habit, paternal smoking habit, birth year of infants, and sex of infants. Trend correlation was calculated using quartile group of maternal metallic elements, which were analyzed as ordinal variables. Q1: first quartile, Q2: second quartile, Q3: third quartile, Q4: fourth quartile. (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E) show associations between all abdominal congenital malformations and metallic elements; Cd, Pb, Hg, Se, and Mn, respectively.

Associations between the quartiles of maternal metallic elements (mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), and selenium (Se)) (x-axes), and odds ratios and 95% confidence interval for all abdominal congenital malformations (y-axes), compared with the Q1, in a multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusted for maternal age at delivery and maternal smoking habit, drinking habit, paternal smoking habit, birth year of infants, and sex of infants. Trend correlation was calculated using quartile group of maternal metallic elements, which were analyzed as ordinal variables. Q1: first quartile, Q2: second quartile, Q3: third quartile, Q4: fourth quartile. (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E) show associations between all abdominal congenital malformations and metallic elements; Cd, Pb, Hg, Se, and Mn, respectively.