Table 3.
Parental characteristics for births with/without abdominal congenital malformations.
| Characteristics | All | Non-Malformed | Abdominal Congenital Malformations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Characteristics | ||||
| Age at delivery (years old) | N or N (%) | Mean ± SD | N (%) | N (%) |
| <25 | 10,265 (11.50) | 10,244 (11.49) | 21 (15.11) | |
| 25 to <30 | 26,545 (29.73) | 26,507 (29.74) | 38 (27.34) | |
| 30 to <35 | 31,260 (35.02) | 31,216 (35.02) | 44 (31.65) | |
| ≥35 | 21,203 (23.75) | 21,167 (23.75) | 36 (25.90) | |
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||
| Pre-pregnancy weight | 89,234 | 53.12 ± 8.85 | 53.11 ± 8.85 | 53.59 ± 9.01 |
| Height | 89,253 | 158.12 ± 5.35 | 158.12 ± 5.35 | 158.57 ± 4.95 |
| Parity | N or N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Nulliparous | 43,097 (48.44) | 43,022 (48.43) | 75 (54.35) | |
| Multiparous | 45,870 (51.56) | 45,807 (51.57) | 63 (45.65) | |
| Smoking habit | ||||
| Never | 51,924 (58.16) | 51,846 (58.17) | 78 (56.12) | |
| Quit before pregnancy | 21,217 (23.77) | 21,172 (23.75) | 45 (32.37) | |
| Smoking during pregnancy | 16,132 (18.07) | 16,116 (18.08) | 16 (11.51) | |
| Drinking habit | ||||
| Never | 30,825 (34.53) | 30,773 (34.52) | 52 (37.41) | |
| Quit before pregnancy | 49,330 (55.26) | 49,252 (55.26) | 78 (56.12) | |
| Drinking during pregnancy | 9118 (10.21) | 9109 (10.22) | 9 (6.47) | |
| Educational duration (year) | ||||
| <10 | 4137 (4.69) | 4129 (4.68) | 8 (5.84) | |
| 10–<13 | 27,892 (31.59) | 27,855 (31.60) | 37 (27.01) | |
| 13–<15 | 37,288 (42.23) | 37,218 (42.22) | 70 (51.09) | |
| 15–<17 | 18,977 (21.49) | 18,955 (21.50) | 22 (16.06) | |
| Paternal characteristics | ||||
| Age at entry (years old) | N or N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| <25 | 3385 (7.22) | 3379 (7.22) | 6 (8.57) | |
| 25 to <30 | 11,210 (23.92) | 11,194 (23.92) | 16 (22.86) | |
| 30 to <35 | 15,516 (33.11) | 15,485 (33.09) | 31 (44.29) | |
| ≥35 | 16,753 (35.75) | 16,736 (35.77) | 17 (24.29) | |
| Smoking habit | ||||
| Never | 24,084 (26.98) | 24,051 (26.98) | 33 (23.74) | |
| Quit before pregnancy | 20,753 (23.25) | 20,713 (23.24) | 40 (28.78) | |
| Smoking during pregnancy | 44,436 (49.78) | 44,370 (49.78) | 66 (47.48) | |
| Educational duration (year) | ||||
| <10 | 6430 (7.31) | 6423 (7.31) | 7 (5.11) | |
| 10–<13 | 32,538 (36.98) | 32,489 (36.99) | 49 (35.77) | |
| 13–<15 | 19,880 (22.60) | 19,850 (22.60) | 30 (21.90) | |
| 15–<17 | 29,132 (33.11) | 29,081 (33.11) | 51 (37.23) | |
| Household income (million yen) | ||||
| <2 | 4622 (5.59) | 4614 (5.59) | 8 (6.30) | |
| 2–<4 | 28,705 (34.73) | 28,663 (34.74) | 42 (33.07) | |
| 4–<6 | 27,334 (33.08) | 27,290 (33.07) | 44 (34.65) | |
| 6–<8 | 13,115 (15.87) | 13,092 (15.87) | 23 (18.11) | |
| 8–<10 | 5359 (6.48) | 5351 (6.48) | 8 (6.30) | |
| ≥10 | 3507 (4.24) | 3505 (4.25) | 2 (1.57) | |
SD, standard deviation.