Table 6.
Odds ratios for each abdominal congenital malformation (Diaphragmatic hernia, Omphalocele, and Gastroschisis) according to the concentrations of metallic elements detected in maternal blood at mid-late trimester.
| Cd | Case/ Control (n) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Pb | Case/ Control (n) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Hg | Case/ Control (n) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Se | Case/ Control (n) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Mn | Case/ Control (n) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diaphragmatic hernia | ||||||||||||||
| Q1 | 10/23,117 | 1 | Q1 | 9/22,571 | 1 | Q1 | 4/22,268 | 1 | Q1 | 7/22,348 | 1 | Q1 | 13/22,507 | 1 |
| Q2 | 11/21,323 | 1.24 (0.52, 2.93) | Q2 | 11/22,174 | 1.24 (0.51, 2.99) | Q2 | 8/222,18 | 2.00 (0.60, 6.64) | Q2 | 7/22,717 | 0.95 (0.33, 2.71) | Q2 | 11/22,858 | 0.80 (0.36, 1.79) |
| Q3 | 10/22,951 | 1.08 (0.44, 2.62) | Q3 | 8/22,382 | 0.89 (0.34, 2.31) | Q3 | 13/22,335 | 3.22 (1.05, 9.90) * | Q3 | 9/22,889 | 1.18 (0.44, 3.18) | Q3 | 9/22,080 | 0.68 (0.29, 1.60) |
| Q4 | 4/21,743 | 0.48 (0.15, 1.58) | Q4 | 7/22,007 | 0.81 (0.30, 2.20) | Q4 | 10/22,313 | 2.50 (0.78, 8.00) | Q4 | 12/21,180 | 1.68 (0.66, 4.31) | Q4 | 2/21,689 | 0.15 (0.03, 0.68) * |
| p for trend | 0.297 | 0.543 | 0.089 | 0.221 | 0.010 | |||||||||
| Omphalocele | ||||||||||||||
| Q1 | 7/23,117 | 1 | Q1 | 11/22,571 | 1 | Q1 | 7/22,268 | 1 | Q1 | 1/22,348 | 1 | Q1 | 7/22,507 | 1 |
| Q2 | 8/21,323 | 1.26 (0.45, 3.51) | Q2 | 8/22,174 | 0.72 (0.29, 1.81) | Q2 | 3/22,218 | 0.44 (0.11, 1.71) | Q2 | 10/22,717 | 9.96 (1.27, 77.88) * | Q2 | 8/22,858 | 1.14 (0.41, 3.16) |
| Q3 | 3/22,951 | 0.44 (0.11, 1.74) | Q3 | 4/22,382 | 0.35 (0.11, 1.12) † | Q3 | 10/22,335 | 1.50 (0.57, 3.96) | Q3 | 10/22,889 | 10.06 (1.28, 78.77) * | Q3 | 4/22,080 | 0.59 (0.17, 2.03) |
| Q4 | 9/21,743 | 1.42 (0.50, 4.00) | Q4 | 4/22,007 | 0.35 (0.11, 1.13) † | Q4 | 7/22,313 | 1.10 (0.38, 3.15) | Q4 | 6/21,180 | 6.56 (0.78, 54.75) † | Q4 | 8/21,689 | 1.22 (0.44, 3.37) |
| p for trend | 0.846 | 0.033 | 0.439 | 0.152 | 0.962 | |||||||||
| Gastroschisis | ||||||||||||||
| Q1 | 4/23,117 | 1 | Q1 | 0/22,571 | - | Q1 | 2/22,268 | 1 | Q1 | 4/22,348 | 1 | Q1 | 2/22,507 | 1 |
| Q2 | 2/21,323 | 0.55 (0.10, 3.03) | Q2 | 2/22,174 | 1 | Q2 | 4/22,218 | 2.06 (0.38, 11.26) | Q2 | 1/22,717 | 0.24 (0.03, 2.13) | Q2 | 4/22,858 | 1.92 (0.35, 10.49) |
| Q3 | 0/22,951 | - | Q3 | 2/22,382 | 1.00 (0.14, 7.09) | Q3 | 1/22,335 | 0.53 (0.05, 5.89) | Q3 | 3/22,889 | 0.72 (0.16, 3.25) | Q3 | 2/22,080 | 0.97 (0.14, 6.91) |
| Q4 | 3/21,743 | 0.88 (0.18, 4.28) | Q4 | 5/22,007 | 2.63 (0.50, 13.70) | Q4 | 2/22,313 | 1.07 (0.15, 7.71) | Q4 | 1/21,180 | 0.26 (0.03, 2.34) | Q4 | 1/21,689 | 0.47 (0.04, 5.26) |
| p for trend | 0.935 | 0.212 | 0.717 | 0.317 | 0.431 | |||||||||
OR: odds ratio was adjusted for maternal age, smoking habit, drinking habit, paternal smoking habit, birth year of child, and sex of the child. Q1: first quartile, Q2: second quartile, Q3: third quartile, Q4: fourth quartile, CI: confidence interval. † p < 0.1, * p < 0.05. - no cases of abdominal malformation (number of case = 0), rather than OR value.