Table 7.
Odds ratios for each abdominal congenital malformation (Esophageal atresia with or without fistula, Duodenal atresia/stenosis, Intestinal atresia/stenosis, and Anorectal atresia/stenosis) according to the concentrations of metallic elements detected in maternal blood at mid-late trimester.
| Cd | Case/ Control (n) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Pb | Case/ Control (n) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Hg | Case/ Control (n) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Se | Case/ Control (n) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Mn | Case/ Control (n) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Esophageal atresia with or without fistula | ||||||||||||||
| Q1 | 3/23,117 | 1 | Q1 | 2/22,571 | 1 | Q1 | 3/22,268 | 1 | Q1 | 2/22,348 | 1 | Q1 | 3/22,507 | 1 |
| Q2 | 6/21,323 | 2.94 (0.59, 14.72) | Q2 | 2/22,174 | 0.49 (0.04, 5.43) | Q2 | 1/22,218 | 0.48 (0.04, 5.31) | Q2 | 3/22,717 | 1.67 (0.26, 10.97) | Q2 | 3/22,858 | 1.45 (0.24, 8.69) |
| Q3 | 0/22,951 | - | Q3 | 2/22,382 | 0.95 (0.13, 6.80) | Q3 | 3/22,335 | 1.39 (0.23, 8.36) | Q3 | 2/22,889 | 1.06 (0.14, 8.21) | Q3 | 4/22,080 | 1.98 (0.36, 10.84) |
| Q4 | 1/21,743 | 0.44 (0.04, 5.10) | Q4 | 4/22,007 | 1.88 (0.33, 10.50) | Q4 | 3/22,313 | 1.36 (0.23, 8.27) | Q4 | 3/21,180 | 1.29 (0.19, 8.84) | Q4 | 0/21,689 | - |
| p for trend | 0.362 | 0.346 | 0.527 | 0.946 | 0.424 | |||||||||
| Duodenal atresia/stenosis | ||||||||||||||
| Q1 | 3/23,117 | 1 | Q1 | 4/22,571 | 1 | Q1 | 3/22,268 | 1 | Q1 | 5/22,348 | 1 | Q1 | 0/22,507 | - |
| Q2 | 2/21,323 | 0.72 (0.12, 4.39) | Q2 | 1/22,174 | 0.25 (0.03, 2.27) | Q2 | 3/22,218 | 0.99 (0.20, 4.90) | Q2 | 2/22,717 | 0.39 (0.08, 2.02) | Q2 | 3/22,858 | 1 |
| Q3 | 3/22,951 | 0.98 (0.19, 5.05) | Q3 | 2/22,382 | 0.50 (0.09, 2.75) | Q3 | 2/22,335 | 0.64 (0.11, 3.82) | Q3 | 4/22,889 | 0.76 (0.20, 2.86) | Q3 | 4/22,080 | 1.37 (0.31, 6.14) |
| Q4 | 3/21,743 | 1.01 (0.19, 5.44) | Q4 | 4/22,007 | 0.99 (0.24, 4.06) | Q4 | 3/22,313 | 0.92 (0.18, 4.62) | Q4 | 0/21,180 | - | Q4 | 4/21,689 | 1.35 (0.30, 6.04) |
| p for trend | 0.915 | 0.910 | 0.812 | 0.666 | 0.702 | |||||||||
| Intestinal atresia/stenosis | ||||||||||||||
| Q1 | 3/23,117 | 1 | Q1 | 3/22,571 | 1 | Q1 | 3/22,268 | 1 | Q1 | 2/22,348 | 1 | Q1 | 4/22,507 | 1 |
| Q2 | 6/21,323 | 2.28 (0.56, 9.20) | Q2 | 4/22,174 | 1.40 (0.31, 6.29) | Q2 | 4/22,218 | 1.30 (0.29, 5.81) | Q2 | 5/22,717 | 2.41 (0.47, 12.47) | Q2 | 2/22,858 | 0.47 (0.09, 2.58) |
| Q3 | 2/22,951 | 0.73 (0.12, 4.46) | Q3 | 3/22,382 | 1.06 (0.21, 5.27) | Q3 | 4/22,335 | 1.26 (0.28, 5.64) | Q3 | 6/22,889 | 2.82 (0.56, 14.06) | Q3 | 2/22,080 | 0.49 (0.09, 2.68) |
| Q4 | 2/21,743 | 0.87 (0.14, 5.46) | Q4 | 3/22,007 | 1.12 (0.22, 5.64) | Q4 | 2/22,313 | 0.62 (0.10, 3.76) | Q4 | 0/21,180 | - | Q4 | 5/21,689 | 1.22 (0.33, 4.57) |
| p for trend | 0.575 | 0.989 | 0.643 | 0.215 | 0.717 | |||||||||
| Anorectal atresia/stenosis | ||||||||||||||
| Q1 | 5/23,117 | 1 | Q1 | 10/22,571 | 1 | Q1 | 11/22,268 | 1 | Q1 | 15/22,348 | 1 | Q1 | 12/22,507 | 1 |
| Q2 | 11/21,323 | 2.57 (0.89, 7.43) † | Q2 | 15/22,174 | 1.65 (0.74, 3.67) | Q2 | 6/22,218 | 0.54 (0.20, 1.47) | Q2 | 7/22,717 | 0.49 (0.20, 1.19) | Q2 | 5/22,858 | 0.41 (0.14, 1.15) † |
| Q3 | 9/22,951 | 2.02 (0.67, 6.11) | Q3 | 5/22,382 | 0.57 (0.19, 1.68) | Q3 | 10/22,335 | 0.90 (0.38, 2.12) | Q3 | 7/22,889 | 0.50 (0.20, 1.24) | Q3 | 7/22,080 | 0.58 (0.23, 1.47) |
| Q4 | 10/21,743 | 2.65 (0.88, 8.00) † | Q4 | 5/22,007 | 0.62 (0.21, 1.83) | Q4 | 8/22,313 | 0.69 (0.28, 1.73) | Q4 | 6/21,180 | 0.48 (0.18, 1.24) | Q4 | 11/21,689 | 0.93 (0.41, 2.11) |
| p for trend | 0.149 | 0.158 | 0.633 | 0.099 | 0.969 | |||||||||
OR: odds ratio was adjusted for maternal age, smoking habit, drinking habit, paternal smoking habit, birth year of child, and sex of the child. Q1: first quartile, Q2: second quartile, Q3: third quartile, Q4: fourth quartile, CI: confidence interval. † p < 0.1; no cases of abdominal malformation (number of case = 0), rather than OR value.