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pAB5 reduces biofilm formation. Cells were grown for 8 h on LB broth at 37°C under static conditions. Biofilm formation was measured by crystal violet staining and normalized to the growth. The values represent the means and standard deviations from three independent experiments. A t test was performed in comparison to the pAB5- strain (***, P ≤ 0.0005; **, P ≤ 0.005).
