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. 2021 Sep 22;22(19):10184. doi: 10.3390/ijms221910184

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Analysis method for the complex multicellular tissue induced from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs): (a) single-cell transcriptomics: several methods have been developed, including Smart-seq2 and 10× Chromium. These methods now play an essential role in analyzing cellular heterogeneity in tissues and organs; (b) spatial transcriptomics: these techniques include laser captured microdissection (LCM), in situ sequencing (ISS), and barcoded solid-phase RNA capture (spatial transcriptome (ST) and 10× Visium). Spatial transcriptomics also plays an important role in the study of cellular heterogeneity, especially cell–cell interactions; (c) other technologies: artificial intelligence (AI) is now widely utilized in biology to analyze complex data, model construction, and image recognition. CRISPR/Cas9 is also combined with PSC technologies to produce isogenic control cells for patient-derived induced PSCs and edit the gene of interest.