Table 1.
Organoid Type | Major Included Cell Types | Representative Reports | Possible Applications |
---|---|---|---|
Cerebral | Neuron Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Microglia |
Eiraku et al., 2008 [10] Lancaster et al., 2013 [15] |
Alzheimer’s disease Microencephaly Multiple sclerosis Epilepsy Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Huntington’s disease Progressive supranuclear palsy Infectious disease (ex. Zika virus) |
Midbrain | Dopaminergic neuron Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Microglia |
Tieng et al., 2014 [16] Jo et al., 2016 [17] Monzel et al., 2017 [18] |
Parkinson’s disease Multiple system atrophy |
Hypothalamus-Pituitary | Pituitary hormone- producing cell Hypothalamic cell |
Ozone et al., 2016 [20] Kasai et al., 2020 [21] Matsumoto et al., 2021 [64] |
Congenital hypopituitarism Pituitary hormone-producing adenoma Hypophysitis |
Inner ear | Vestibular hair cell Cochlear hair cell Sensory neuron |
Koehler et al., 2017 [23] Jeong et al., 2018 [24] |
Hereditary hearing loss and deafness |
Lung | Lung epithelium Alveolar Type I cell Alveolar Type II cell |
Gotoh et al., 2014 [38] Dye et al., 2015 [39] Miller et al., 2019 [40] |
Cystic fibrosis Hereditary interstitial lung disease Infectious disease (ex. COVID 19) |
Liver | Hepatocyte Cholangiocyte Stellate cell Kupffer cell Oval cell |
Takebe et al., 2013 [26] Takebe et al., 2017 [27] Guan et al., 2017 [28] |
Inherited metabolic liver disease (ex. Wilson’s disease, phenylketonuria, hereditary hypertyrosinemia) Infectious disease (ex. Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus) |
Kidney | Podocyte Endothelial cell Parietal cell Mesangial cell |
Takasato et al., 2015 [42] van den Berg et al., 2018 [43] |
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease Alport syndrome |
Intestine | Enterocyte Goblet cell Paneth cell Enteroendocrine cell Tuft cell |
Spence et al., 2011 [33] Watson et al., 2014 [34] Takahashi et al., 2017 [35] |
Cystic fibrosis Hirschsprung’s disease Familial adenomatous polyposis Hereditary colorectal cancer |