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. 2021 Sep 22;22(19):10184. doi: 10.3390/ijms221910184

Table 1.

Summary of various organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Various organoids have been successfully induced from human pluripotent stem cells. This table summarizes representative organoids and includes cell types in each organoid, reports that present the induction methods, and their possible application to human disease modeling.

Organoid Type Major Included Cell Types Representative Reports Possible Applications
Cerebral Neuron
Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
Microglia
Eiraku et al., 2008 [10]
Lancaster et al., 2013 [15]
Alzheimer’s disease
Microencephaly
Multiple sclerosis
Epilepsy
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Huntington’s disease
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Infectious disease (ex. Zika virus)
Midbrain Dopaminergic neuron
Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
Microglia
Tieng et al., 2014 [16]
Jo et al., 2016 [17]
Monzel et al., 2017 [18]
Parkinson’s disease
Multiple system atrophy
Hypothalamus-Pituitary Pituitary hormone-
producing cell
Hypothalamic cell
Ozone et al., 2016 [20]
Kasai et al., 2020 [21]
Matsumoto et al., 2021 [64]
Congenital hypopituitarism
Pituitary hormone-producing adenoma
Hypophysitis
Inner ear Vestibular hair cell
Cochlear hair cell
Sensory neuron
Koehler et al., 2017 [23]
Jeong et al., 2018 [24]
Hereditary hearing loss and deafness
Lung Lung epithelium
Alveolar Type I cell
Alveolar Type II cell
Gotoh et al., 2014 [38]
Dye et al., 2015 [39]
Miller et al., 2019 [40]
Cystic fibrosis
Hereditary interstitial lung disease
Infectious disease (ex. COVID 19)
Liver Hepatocyte
Cholangiocyte
Stellate cell
Kupffer cell
Oval cell
Takebe et al., 2013 [26]
Takebe et al., 2017 [27]
Guan et al., 2017 [28]
Inherited metabolic liver disease
(ex. Wilson’s disease, phenylketonuria, hereditary hypertyrosinemia)
Infectious disease
(ex. Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus)
Kidney Podocyte
Endothelial cell
Parietal cell
Mesangial cell
Takasato et al., 2015 [42]
van den Berg et al., 2018 [43]
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Alport syndrome
Intestine Enterocyte
Goblet cell
Paneth cell
Enteroendocrine cell
Tuft cell
Spence et al., 2011 [33]
Watson et al., 2014 [34]
Takahashi et al., 2017 [35]
Cystic fibrosis
Hirschsprung’s disease
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Hereditary colorectal cancer