Table 2.
Bivariate analysis of the relationship between personal factors and moderate to high levels of adverse effects (n = 151).
| Characteristic | Total | Moderate to High Levels of Effects n (%) |
Non-Symptomatic or Mild Symptoms n (%) |
OR | 95%CI | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Personal characteristics and health information | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 56 | 13 (23.21) | 43 (76.79) | 0.95 | 0.43–2.06 | 0.889 |
| Female | 95 | 23 (24.21) | 72 (75.79) | 1.00 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| ≤30 | 61 | 21 (34.43) | 40 (65.57) | 2.63 | 1.22–5.65 | 0.012 * |
| >30 | 90 | 15 (16.67) | 75 (83.33) | 1.00 | ||
| Education level | ||||||
| Primary school and lower | 89 | 24 (26.97) | 65 (73.03) | 1.54 | 0.70–3.37 | 0.276 |
| Secondary school and higher | 62 | 12 (19.35) | 50 (80.65) | 1.00 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Overweight and Obese | 88 | 19 (21.59) | 69 (78.41) | 0.48 | 0.09–2.46 | 0.378 |
| Underweight | 12 | 2 (16.67) | 10 (83.33) | 0.66 | 0.30–1.45 | 0.303 |
| Normal | 51 | 15 (29.41) | 36 (70.59) | 1.00 | ||
| Income (baht/month) | ||||||
| ≥10,000 | 50 | 11 (22.00) | 39 (78.00) | 0.86 | 0.38–1.92 | 0.707 |
| <10,000 | 101 | 25 (24.75) | 76 (75.25) | 1.00 | ||
| Congenital disease | ||||||
| Yes | 49 | 11 (22.45) | 38 (77.55) | 0.89 | 0.40–2.00 | 0.780 |
| No | 102 | 25 (24.51) | 77 (76.49) | 1.00 | ||
| Anaemia | ||||||
| Yes | 34 | 10 (29.41) | 24 (70.59) | 1.46 | 0.61–3.44 | 0.394 |
| No | 117 | 26 (22.22) | 91 (77.78) | 1.00 | ||
| Anaemia history | ||||||
| Yes | 24 | 5 (20.83) | 19 (79.17) | 0.81 | 0.28–2.36 | 0.703 |
| No | 127 | 31 (24.41) | 96 (75.59) | 1.00 | ||
| Annual health check-up | ||||||
| No | 121 | 30 (24.79) | 91 (75.21) | 1.32 | 0.49–3.53 | 0.576 |
| Yes | 30 | 6 (20.00) | 24 (80.00) | 1.00 | ||
| Workplace information | ||||||
| Zone | ||||||
| Urban area | 28 | 10 (35.71) | 18 (64.29) | 1.00 | 0.37–2.71 | 1.000 |
| Suburban area | 81 | 11 (13.58) | 70 (86.42) | 0.28 | 0.12–0.69 | 0.006 |
| Rural area | 42 | 15 (35.71) | 27 (64.29) | 1.00 | ||
| Job function | ||||||
| Fuelling | 107 | 28 (23.93) | 79 (76.07) | 1.02 | 0.42–2.51 | 0.961 |
| Cashier | 34 | 8 (23.53) | 26 (76.47) | 1.00 | ||
| Working experience | ||||||
| ≥1 year | 82 | 17 (20.73) | 65 (79.27) | 0.69 | 0.32–1.46 | 0.329 |
| <1 year | 69 | 19 (27.54) | 50 (72.46) | 1.00 | ||
| Shift work | ||||||
| Day | 98 | 20 (20.41) | 68 (79.59) | 0.59 | 0.28–1.27 | 0.183 |
| Night | 53 | 18 (30.19) | 37 (69.81) | 1.00 | ||
| Working days per week | ||||||
| ≥6 day | 28 | 8 (28.57) | 20 (71.43) | 1.36 | 0.54–3.41 | 0.522 |
| <6 day | 123 | 28 (22.76) | 95 (77.24) | 1.00 | ||
| Working hours per day | ||||||
| ≥8 h | 92 | 19 (20.65) | 73 (79.35) | 0.64 | 0.30–1.37 | 0.254 |
| <8 h | 59 | 17 (28.81) | 42 (71.19) | 1.00 | ||
| Use of uniform | ||||||
| No | 49 | 11 (22.45) | 38 (77.55) | 0.89 | 0.40–2.00 | 0.780 |
| Yes | 102 | 25 (24.52) | 77 (75.49) | 1.00 | ||
| Training experience | ||||||
| No | 41 | 19 (46.34) | 22 (53.64) | 4.72 | 2.12–10.54 | <0.001 * |
| Yes | 110 | 17 (15.45) | 93 (84.55) | 1.00 | ||
| Personal protective equipment (PPE) use | ||||||
| Yes | 72 | 23 (31.94) | 49 (60.06) | 2.38 | 1.10–5.17 | 0.025 * |
| No | 29 | 13 (16.46) | 16 (83.54) | 1.00 | ||
| Whether participants were exposed to benzene in previous employment | ||||||
| No | 41 | 10 (24.39) | 31 (75.61) | 1.04 | 0.45–2.41 | 0.923 |
| Yes | 110 | 26 (23.64) | 84 (76.36) | 1.00 | ||
| Shower after work | ||||||
| No | 53 | 14 (26.42) | 39 (73.58) | 1.24 | 0.57–2.69 | 0.587 |
| Yes | 98 | 22 (22.45) | 72 (71.55) | 1.00 | ||
| Hand washing | ||||||
| No | 21 | 8 (38.10) | 13 (61.90) | 2.24 | 0.85–5.94 | 0.114 |
| Yes | 130 | 28 (21.54) | 102 (78.46) | 1.00 | ||
| Eat food in the working area | ||||||
| Yes | 119 | 33 (27.73) | 86 (72.27) | 3.71 | 1.06–13.01 | 0.019 * |
| No | 32 | 3 (9.38) | 29 (90.62) | 1.00 | ||
| Eat food during work | ||||||
| Yes | 120 | 35 (29.17) | 85 (70.83) | 12.35 | 1.62–94.14 | <0.001 * |
| No | 31 | 1 (3.23) | 30 (96.77) | 1.00 | ||
* Significant factors of correlation with adverse effect of benzene exposure at p-value < 0.05.