Table 1.
In vitro data on the effect of DHA on cell death, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
| Experimentation Type | Target | DHA Forms | Concentration or Dose |
Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BV-2 cells treated with 7-ketocholesterol |
Cell death oxidative stress |
Chemical form | 12 µM | Protection against cell death and oxidative stress | [15] |
| BV-2 cells | Cell death | 200 µM | Induction of cell death (pyroptosis) | [16] | |
| BV-2 cells treated with oligomeric amyloid-β peptide | Oxidative stress | 10 µM | Reduce oxidative stress (involving Nrf2/HO-1) | [18] | |
| BV-2 cells treated with LPS | 1.25–10 μM | Enhance Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling | [19] | ||
| 10 µM DHA + quercetin (2.5 µM) | [20] | ||||
| BV-2 cells treated with interferon-γ | Inflammation | 30 µM | Reduce expression of proteins implicated in inflammation | [21] | |
| BV-2 cells and MG6 cells stimulated with LPS | 100 µM DHA and 100 µM EPA | Inhibition of inflammation by involving SIRT1 | [22] | ||
| BV-2 cells stimulated with LPS | 30 µM | Decrease cytokine expression | [17,23] | ||
| Primary cultures of mice microglial cells stimulated with LPS | 20 µM to 80 µM |
Reduce NO and TNF-α release, modulation of phenotypic polarization of microglia | [24] | ||
| Human CHME3 microglial cells exposed to Amyloid-β42 | 0.1 to 1 µM | Decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine production, induction of a shift in phenotype away from pro-inflammatory M1 activation | [25] | ||
| Rat glial primary cell cultures, LPS/ IFN-γ stimulation | 100 µM | Regulation of the pro-inflammatory response | [26] | ||
| EOC20 microglia cells treated by Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic acid or 10 μg/mL Imiquimod | 50 µM | Reduction of the production of cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 | [27] | ||
| Primary neuron/glia rat primary cultures infected with Japanese Encephalitis virus | 25 or 50 µM | Increase of neurotoxin cytokines production | [28] | ||
| BV-2 cells activated with LPS and IFN-γ | Triglyceride forms | 20 µM | Reduce IL-6 and TNF-α production | [29] | |
| BV-2 cells treated with LPS | N-docosahexaenoyl dopamine (DHDA) | 2 µM | Decrease IL-6 and CCL-20 production | [30] | |
| Primary cultures of rat microglia and BV-2 cells treated with LPS | Synaptamide | 1–100 nM | Suppression of LPS-induced TNF-α and iNOS mRNA expression | [31,32] |