Table 2.

In vivo data on the effect of DHA.

Experimentation Type	Target	DHA Forms	Concentration or Dose	Effects	References
Injection of LPS intraperitoneally (i.p.) or in brain of C57Bl/6J mice	Inflammation	Synaptamide, endogenous metabolite derived from docosahexaenoic acid	5 mg/kg, i.p	Decrease of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and CCL2 mRNA involving orphan adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor 110 (GPR110)	[32]
C57Bl/6J mice intraperitoneally injected with LPS		Fish hydrolysate supplement	143 µg in 150 µL of fish hydrolysate supplement/day	Reduce expression of TLR4, cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β,), CCL2, and IκB	[34]
		Chemical form	10 mg/day	Reduce IL-6 expression	[34]
C57Bl6/J mice injected with LPS (i.p.).		1-palmitoyl,2-docosahexaenoyl-PC (PC-DHA)	4.33 μg/g of mouse	Decrease IL-6 production	[23]
Piglets		Herring oil	32.30% W/W total fatty acids	No attenuation of the LPS induced inflammation	[35]
C57Bl/6 male mice with intracerebroventricular LPS injections		Fish oil	1.4% of total fatty acids	No change in the expression of pro-inflammatory genes	[36]
Triple-transgenic mouse model of AD		Neuroprotectin D1 (organic synthesis)	50 nM	Downregulation of Aβ42-induced expression of COX-2, TNF-α and B-94	[37]
Male C57BL/6 mice with intracerebroventricular amyloid-β infusion (AD model)		Fish oil	1.5% of total fatty acid	Decrease some elements of the inflammatory response	[38]
Male albino Swiss mice, administration of AlCl3 (20 mg/kg) intragastrically (i.g.) then an intraperitoneal injection with D-gal (120 mg/kg) (AD model)		Chemical form	200 mg/kg	Downregulation of TNF-α expression	[39]
TgCRND8 mice (AD model)		Whole-food diet contained skinless freeze-dried Atlantic salmon and a proprietary mixture of powdered, freeze-dried vegetables and fruits	0.246% of DHA (wt/wt) in a whole-food diet	Increase TNF-α expression	[40]
Male Tg2576 (APPswe) transgenic mice (AD model)		Chemical form	50 mg/kg body weight	Microglial activation	[41]
Male C57/BL6 mice fed for 5 weeks with a diet containing 0.2% cuprizone (MS model)		Regular diet supplemented with n-3 PUFAs	DHA + EPA, 15 g/kg	Suppression of the increase of M1-associated genes and increase of the expression of M2-associated genes	[24]
Female C57BL/6J mice immunization with >95% pure synthetic MOG35-55 peptide (MS model)	Development of the pathology	TG-DHA obtained by enzymatic synthesis	250 mg/kg/day	Improve clinical score	[29]
C57BL/6J female/EAE model (MS model)		Phospholipid-DHA 0.3% or 1% and triacylglycerol-DHA	0.3 or 1% either 0.48 or 1.6 mg DHA/g body weight/day respectively	Reduce EAE onset and severity	[42]