Table 1.
EV-based strategies for CSC targeting.
| Strategy | Agent/Method | Tumor Type | Inhibition | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EV biogenesis and release/uptake | U0126 | Human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells Suit-2 | Gemcitabine resistance | [149] |
| GW4869 | Colorectal, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer cells | Chemoresistance | [151,152,153] | |
| Indomethacin | Lymphoma cells | Chemoresistance | [155] | |
| Ketotifen | HeLa, MCF-7, and BT549 breast cancer cells | Doxorubicin resistance | [156] | |
| Fludarabine | Metastatic breast cancer | M2 polarization | [157] | |
| Ovatodiolide | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Cisplatin resistance | [158] | |
| Colon cancer HCT116 and HT29 cells | 5-FU resistance, CAF transformation, and M2 polarization | [164] | ||
| Pacritinib | Glioblastoma multiforme | Temozolomide resistance, M2 polarization | [166] | |
| Removal of circulating EVs | Shikonin | Breast cancer MCF10DCIS cells | Differentiation, stemness, and migration of cancer cells | [167] |
| Anti-EV marker antibodies | Mouse model of breast cancer | Metastasis | [170] | |
| Hemofiltration in conjunction with pembrolizumab | Advanced head and neck cancer patients (NCT04453046) | Metastasis | [168] | |
| Use of natural bioengineered EVs | EVs from osteogenic differentiated hASCs | MG63 osteosarcoma cells | Osteogenic differentiation of CSCs | [172] |
| EVs from mMSCs loaded with LNA-antimiR-142-3p | MCF7-derived cancer-stem-like cells | Mammosphere formation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo | [173] | |
| CM from PTX-primed hASCs | CG5 breast cancer cells | Proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo | [175] | |
| Use of synthetic NPs | DOX@E-PSiNPs | Mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cell line H22 | Tumor growth | [180] |
| DOXO-tethered gold nanoparticles | Mouse breast cancer cells | Sphere formation | [181] | |
| CD133-tethered PLGA nanoparticles—salinomycin loaded | CD133+ osteosarcoma and breast cancer | Proliferation, drug resistance, and relapse of breast CSCs | [182] | |
| PTX-hyaluronan bioconjugate (ONCOFIDTM-P) | Human ovarian cancer IGROV-1 and OVCAR-3 overexpressing CD44 | Tumor growth in vivo | [185] | |
| PEG-b-PLA nanoparticles loaded with bortezomib | Breast cancer cells | Proliferation and survival | [187] | |
| PEG-peptide-poly(e-caprolactone) nanoparticles loaded with DOXO and miR-200c | Gastric carcinoma cell line BGC-823 | Tumor growth in vivo | [188] | |
| PLA nanoparticles—peptide CVKTPAQSC—docetaxel loaded | Lung-cancer-stem-like cells | Liver metastasis in a mouse model | [189] | |
| Poly (beta-amino ester) nanoparticles loaded with miR-148a/miR-296-5p | Glioblastoma cells | Stemness in vitro, tumor growth, and sensitizing to γ-radiation in vivo | [190] | |
| Nanoparticles with siRNAs targeting Plk1 in combination with LY364947 | Breast CSCs | Proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo | [191] |
Abbreviations: 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; CAF, cancer-associated fibroblasts; CM, conditioned medium; NPs, nanoparticles; hASCs, human adipose-derived stem cells; mMSCs, mouse mesenchymal stem cells; PTX, paclitaxel; DOX@E-PSiNPs, endocytosed doxorubicin-loaded exosome-biomimetic porous silicon nanoparticles; DOXO, doxorubicin; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PLA, polylactic acid.