Figure 1.

The physiological responses of B. napus to N, P and K deficiencies. (a) The phenotypes of B. napus under N, P and K deficiencies; (b) Shoot dry weight; (c) Root dry weight; (d) Transpiration rate; (e) Net photosynthesis rate; (f) Internal CO₂; (g) Stomatal conductance; (h) Taproot length; (i) SPAD value. CK: normal nutrient supply; LN: N deficiency (100 μM N); LP: P deficiency (5 μM P); LK: K deficiency (5 μM K). Error line represents variance (n = 4), different letters (a–d) indicate significant differences per Student’s t test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.