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. 2021 Sep 30;22(19):10634. doi: 10.3390/ijms221910634

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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DCs treated with PJ-EVs initiate T cell proliferation and Th1 response. (A) PJ-EVs (30 μg/mL)-treated DCs were cocultured with CPD-stained BALB/c background CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells at a ratio of 0.2:1 (DCs and T cells, respectively). After 2 days of coculture, the proliferation of CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T cells was analyzed by FACS. (B) Levels of indicated cytokines in the culture supernatant were analyzed using ELISA. The results are indicated as mean ± SD (n = 4 samples) of three representative experiments. *** p < 0.001. SD: standard deviation.