Table 2.

Radiological biomarkers and biomarkers identified in CSF and serum samples and their standard clinical use in MS.

Predictive Biomarkers	Diagnostic Biomarkers	Prognostic Biomarker	Biomarkers of Dysfunction and Pathology
Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) [26,27,28]	Radiological Biomarkers [29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54]	Chitinase-3-Like-1 (CHI3L1) [55,56,57]	Immunological Dysfunction Cytokines [58,59,60,61,62,63,64]
Human Herpesvirus Type-6 (HHV-6) [65,66,67,68,69,70]	Oligoclonal Bands (IgG) and (IgM) [71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94]	Neurofilaments (NF) [95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105]	Demyelination Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) [106,107,108,109,110,111]
Anti-MOG and Anti-MBP Antibodies [112,113,114,115]	Immunoglobulin G Index (IgG Index) [116,117]	miRNAs [118,119,120,121]	Axonal Damage Neurofilaments (NF) [122,123,124,125,126,127] Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau [128,129,130,131,132,133] N-acetylaspartate (NAA) [134,135,136,137] Amyloid-precursor protein (APP) [138,139,140,141,142] Ionic Imbalance [143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153]
	Kappa Free (KFLC) and Lambda Free Light Chains (LFLC) [154,155,156,157,158]		Glial activation/dysfunction Nitric Oxide (NO) [159,160,161,162] Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) [163,164] Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) [165,166,167,168,169,170] S100 Calcium-Binding Protein B (S-100B) [168]
	Anti-Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) Antibodies [171,172,173]