Figure 2.

Impacts of dietary SFA on various cells in the liver. (a) In hepatocytes, SFA promotes fibrogenesis by enhanced oxidative/ER stress, lipoapoptosis and attenuated autophagy. (b) In Kupffer cells, n-3 PUFA polarizes to M2 in PPARγ-dependent manner, while SFA activates NF-κB to induce the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. (c) In hepatic stellate cells, palmitate and succinate can stimulate S1P/S1P receptors and HIF-1α axes and promotes myofibroblastic change. (d) In cholangiocytes, SFA promotes lipoapoptosis and inflammation. (e) In hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, SFA triggers dysregulation and changes into the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic phenotypes, partially through interaction with immune cells. Arrows: ↑, Increased; ↓, Decreased.