Figure 4.

Expression of beta cell genes in mouse islets exposed to IL-1β and butyrate. Mouse islets were cultured for 10 days in the absence or presence of 50 pg/mL IL-1β and/or 0.2 mM butyrate. Relative mRNA expression of (A) Ins1, (B) Ins2, (C) MafA, (D) Pdx1, and (E) Ucn3 were analyzed using qPCR. Expression levels were normalized to the expression of Ppia and control islet expression data were normalized to 1. Data are shown as means ± SD for n = 4 and analyzed by a 2-sided paired t-test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. control.