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Summary of the activation of TGF-β-induced mesenchymal-like phenotype and ALDH in therapeutic resistance in GBM. Dotted red arrow means the potential interplay between ALDH activity and TGF-β/Smad2 signaling; the black solid up arrow means the development of therapeutic resistance or TGF-β/Smad2 signaling and ALDH activity-induced phenotypes; the red solid up arrow means therapeutic resistance-increased ALDH activity.
