Table 1.

Sequences of primers used in real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR).

Gene	Forward Primer (5′-3′)	Reverse Primer (5′-3′)
GAPDH	TGCCCAGAACATCATCCCT	GGTCCTCAGTGTAGCCCAAG
Smad2	GTCAAGGGAAGGTGACCAGT	TGGCATAACCCAACACAGTT
Smad3	TGTGCGGCTCTACTACATCG	GCAGCAAATTCCTGGTTGTT
Smad4	CAGCCATAGTGAAGGACTGTTGC	CCTACTTCCAGTCCAGGTGGTA