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The functions, source, and genetic therapy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); (A) Methods of gene engineering MSCs. (B) Functions of MSCs in bone regeneration and repair. The favorable effects include immunomodulatory effects, stimulation of angiogenesis, antiapoptotic effects on osteoblasts, recruitment of host MSCs/progenitor cells, and stimulation of their differentiation into osteoblasts.
