Table 3.
Examples of medicinal plants containing variable PA compounds.
| Plant (Family) | Compounds of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (Selected) |
|---|---|
|
Alkanna (Boraginaceae) |
7-Angeloylretronecine [57,58], 9-Angeloylretronecine [57], 7-Tigloylretronecine [57], 7-Senecioylretronecine [57], 7-Tigloylretronecine [57], 9-Senecioylretronecine [57], 7-Angeloyol-9-(hydroxypropenoyl) retronecine [57], 7-Tigloyl-9-(hydroxy propenoyl) retronecine [57], 7-Angeloyol-9-(2,3-dihydroxypropanoyl) retronecine [57], 7-Tigloyl-9-(2,3-dihydroxypropanoyl) retronecine [57], Triangularine [57,58], Triangularicine [57], Dihydroxytrian gularicine [57,58] |
|
Anchusa (Boraginaceae) |
Anthamidin [57], Supinine [57,59], Intermedin [57,59], Lycopsamine [57,59], Currassavine [59] |
|
Borago (Boraginaceae) |
Lycopsamine [60], Supinidine [60], Viridiflorate [60], Cynaustine [60], Amabaline [60,61], Thesinine [61,62] |
|
Brachyglottis (Asteraceae) |
Senecionine [63,64], Retrorsine [63,64], Integerrimine, Senkirkine [63], Hectorine [63,64], Petasinine [63,64] |
|
Cineraria (Asteraceae) |
Otosenine [65,66], Florosenine [65,66], Floridanine [65,66], Doronine [65], Senecionine [66,67], Integerrimine [66,67], Seneciphylline [66,67] |
| Crotalaria (Leguminosae) | Tashiromine [68], Retronecine [68], Heliotridine [68], 9-Isosenecioylretronecine [68], 9-Angeloylretronecine [68], 7-Seneciolylretronecine [68], 9-Hydroxyheptanoylretronecine [68], 9-Hydroxyisohexenoylretronecine [68], Rinderine [68], 9-Hydroxytigloylretronecine [68], Monocrotaline [68], Dihydrosenecionine isomer [68] |
|
Cynoglossum (Boraginaceae) |
Heliosupine [69], Rinderine [69], Echinatine [69], Viridiflorine [69] |
|
Eupatorium (Asteraceae) |
Lindelofine [70], Supinine [70,71,72,73], Lycopsamine [73,74,75], Intermedin [73,74,75], Amabaline [71,76], Echinatine [71,76], Rinderine [71], Viridiflorine [71], Cynaustraline [71], Tussilagine [76] |
| Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae) | PA compounds not individually specified [77] |
|
Heliotropium (Boraginaceae) |
Trachelanthamine [78], Floridine [78], Heliovicine [78], Lycopsamine [79,80], Amabiline [79], Curassavine [79,81], Heliospathine [79], Intermedin [80], Europine [82,83,84,85], Liamin [82], Heliotrine [84,85,86], Lasiocarpine [84], Retronecine [80,87,88,89], Helibracteatine [87], Helifoline [88], Heliscabine [89], Heliosupine [86], Echinatine [86], Supinine [85], Heleurine [85], Coromandaline [81] |
|
Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) |
Lithosenine [90], Lycopsamine [91], Canescine derivatives [91,92], Canescinine [91], Intermedine [91,93], Mysocorpine [93] |
|
Petasites (Asteraceae) |
Senkirkine [94,95], Senecionine [94,96], Integerrimine [96], Petasitenine [95], Neopetasitenine [95] |
|
Senecio (Asteraceae) |
Ridelline [97,98,99,100,101,102,103], Retrorsine [97,98,99,100,101,102,103], Seneciphylline [97,98,99,100,101,102,103], Senecionine [97,98,99,100,101,102,103], Senkirkine [97,98,99,102], Jacobine [104,105], Integerrimine [98,99,100,101,103], Spartiodine [98,99,100,103], Senecivernine [99,100,103,104,105], Platyphylline [97,98], Usaramine [97,99,103,104,105], Adinofoline [98,104], Florosenine [104], Erucifoline [104], Otosenine [104], Triangularine [106,107], 7-Angeloylheliotridine [108,109], Uspallatine [110], Rosmarinine [111,112], Angularine [111,112], Hadiensiene [111], Ruwenine [113], Ruzorine [113], Doriasenine [114], Sceleratine [115] |
|
Symphytum (Boraginaceae) |
Echimidine [116,117,118], Symphytine [116,117], Lasiocarpine [101], Intermedin [119], Lycopsamine [118,119] |
|
Tussilago (Asteraceae) |
Senkirkine [120,121], Senecionine [121], Intergerrimine [121], Seneciphylline [121], Senecivernine [122] |
The listed PAs include saturated PAs and 1,2-unsaturated PAs. Most of the data and references were obtained from the open access report of Kopp et al. [56], which provided additional references and details of interest.