Table 5.

Clinical characteristics of the HSOS caused by Gynura segetum containing unsaturated PAs.

Parameter	Results
Cohort	n = 116
Gender	Males 57 (50.4%) Females 56 (49.6%) (NA 3)
Age	17–76 years
Ascites	115/116 cases (99.1%)
Hepatomegaly	104/113 cases (92.0%)
Jaundice	95/113 cases (84%)
ALT elevation	47/60 cases (78.3%) (NA 56 cases)
AST elevation	50/58 cases (86.2%) (NA 58 cases)
Outcome	Recovery 75 cases (66.4%) Chronicity 27 cases (23.9%) Death 11 cases (9.7%) (NA 3 cases)

Data represent typical features of PA-HSOS cases, with ascites as leading diagnostic symptom. Cases were not assessed regarding causality for unsaturated PAs. Details were collected from published reports with individual references [211]. Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; hepatic sinusoidal obstructive syndrome NA, not available; PAs, pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Adapted and modified from a previous open access report [202] and modified from data published by Gao et al., 2012 [211].