Induction of DFMO-induced apoptotic cell death through the regulation of AP-1 activity. The transfected cells were seeded in cell culture plates and treated with DFMO, SR11302, or DFMO/SR11302 for 48 h. (A) The AP-1 luciferase activity in the treated cells was determined using the Luciferase Assay System. (B) Western blot of organelle extracts (10 μg) was performed using the following markers: nucleus; HDAC, Histone H3/ cytosol: Hsp90, GAPDH. (C) Western blot analysis of the JNK signaling pathway detected JNK signaling proteins (phospho-JNK, JNK, phospho-cJun, AP-1), anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL), and proapoptotic proteins (Bad, Bax cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP) in DFMO-, SR11302-, or DFMO/SR11302-treated cells, respectively. The controls were treated with 0.1% DMSO. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared with the controls.