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. 2021 Oct 1;22(19):10659. doi: 10.3390/ijms221910659

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© 2021 by the author.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of vitamin D on different cell types of the innate and adaptive immune systems. ↑: Increased; ↓: Decreased; 1,25(OH)₂D: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; CCR10: C-C chemokine receptor type 10; CTLA-4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; CYP27B1: cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1; FoxP3: Foxhead box P3; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IgM: immunoglobulin M; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-2: interleukin-2; IL-4: interleukin-4; IL-5: interleukin-5; IL-8: interleukin-8; IL-9: interleukin-9; IL-10: interleukin-10; IL-13: interleukin-13; IL-17: interleukin-17; IL-21: interleukin-21; ILT3: immunoglobulin-like transcript-3; NK: natural killer; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1; TH1: T helper 1; TH2: T helper 2; TH9: T helper 9; TH17: T helper 17; Treg: regulatory T cell; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; TLR2: toll-like receptor 2; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4.