Table 2.
Summary of plasma metabolite changes following metformin treatment in T2DM patients (p ≤ 0.05) a.
| Name | Change | Method | Metabolic Pathway | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alanine | up | LC-MS, NMR | Alanine and aspartate metabolism | [24,65,67] |
| Isoleucine | up | LC-MS, NMR | BCAA metabolism | [60,67,68] |
| Leucine | up | LC-MS | BCAA metabolism | [24,60,68] |
| gamma-glutamyltyrosine | down | LC-MS | Gamma-glutamyl amino acid | [24,64] |
| Glycine | up | LC-MS, NMR | Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism |
[24,67] |
| Glutaroyl carnitine | down | LC-MS | Lysine metabolism | [24,64] |
| Phenylalanine | up | LC-MS | Phenylalanine metabolism | [24,62] |
| PC ae C36:4 c | down | LC-MS | Phosphatidylcholine metabolism | [63,65] |
| PC ae C38:5 c | down | LC-MS | Phosphatidylcholine metabolism | [63,65] |
| PC ae C38:6 c | down | LC-MS | Phosphatidylcholine metabolism | [63,65] |
| Choline | down | LC-MS | Phospholipid metabolism | [24,64] |
| Trimethylamine-N-oxide | up | LC-MS, NMR | Phospholipid metabolism Gut microbiota metabolism |
[24,62] |
| Inosine | up or down b | LC-MS | Purine metabolism | [24,64] |
| Cholesterol | down | LC-MS | Sterol metabolism | [24,64] |
| Malate | up | LC-MS | TCA Cycle | [24,64] |
| 3-Indoxyl sulfate | up | LC-MS | Tryptophan metabolism Gut microbiota metabolism |
[24,64] |
| Tryptophan | up or down b | LC-MS | Tryptophan metabolism | [24,62] |
| 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate | down | LC-MS | Tyrosine metabolism | [24,64] |
| Arginine | down | LC-MS | Urea cycle | [24,64] |
| Citrulline | down | LC-MS | Urea cycle | [24,64,65] |
| Ornithine | down | LC-MS | Urea cycle | [24,64] |
| Proline | up | LC-MS | Urea cycle | [24,65] |
a The metabolites altered in multiple studies with p-value ≤ 0.05 are listed on the table; b Opposite results were reported from the literature. c PC ae: phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl.