The metabolic pathways and related functions of pyrimidine nucleotides. (A): CAD participates in de novo pyrimidine nucleotides synthesis and metabolic pathways in mammalian cells. (B): CAD plays a role in the synthesis of nucleic acid precursors, activation intermediates and membrane. UMP, uridine monophosphate. UDP, uridine diphosphate. UTP, uridine triphosphate. CTPS, cytidine triphosphate synthetase. CTP, cytidine triphosphate. UR, uridine. dUDP, deoxy-uridine diphosphate. dUTP, deoxy-uridine triphosphate. dUMP, deoxy-uridine monophosphate. dTTP, deoxy-thymidine triphosphate. CDP, cytidine diphosphate. dCDP, deoxy-cytidine diphosphate. dCTP, deoxy-cytidine triphosphate. TS, thymidylate synthase. CDP-choline, cytidine diphosphate-choline. UDP-Glu, uridine diphosphate-glucose. RRM2, ribonucleotide reductase M2.