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. 2021 Sep 23;22(19):10253. doi: 10.3390/ijms221910253

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Diagram of regulation and phosphorylation sites in CAD. CAD oligomerization is promoted under amino acids stimulation and more easily anchored onto the surface of lysosome. Lysosome provides CAD a physical environment and gives it better access to glutamine, which is needed for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Growth factor activates MAPK, PKA, and PKC phosphorylation sites in the CAD protein. S6K1 phosphorylates CAD via the mTORC1 pathway activated by animo acids or the PI3K/AKT pathway activated by insulin. CPSII, the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase domains. DHO, the dehydrooratase domain. ATC, the ATCase domain. EGF, epidermal growth factor. MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase. PKA, protein kinase A. PKC, protein kinase C. mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. S6K1, S6 kinase 1.