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. 2021 Sep 27;22(19):10397. doi: 10.3390/ijms221910397

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Interleukin (IL)-9 enhances TNF-α production during osteoclastogenesis in RA. (A–F) Cells derived from peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) of patients with RA were treated as indicated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF; 25 ng/mL), soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (sRANKL; 50 ng/mL), or IL-9 (100 ng/mL) for 4 days. Cell culture supernatants were analyzed for TNF-α (A,B), IL-1β (C,D), and IL-6 (E,F) using ELISA (mean  ±  SD; n = 8). Statistical analysis was performed using paired Student’s t-test comparing M-CSF/sRANKL/rIL-9-treated cells to M-CSF/sRANKL- or M-CSF-treated cells (*: p  ≤  0.05; ns–non significant).