Figure 4.

The effects of morroniside treatment on osteoclast-specific genes in mouse primary osteoclasts. Osteoclast differentiation was induced in mouse primary monocytes by co-treatment with different concentrations of morroniside (2, 10, and 20 μM) for 5 days. mRNA expression levels of Nfatc1, Ctsk, Mmp9, and Acp5 were determined by qRT-PCR using gene-specific primers. The expression levels were normalized by mouse Hprt mRNA expression. MO; morronide treatment. * p < 0.05 vs. Induction, ^# p < 0.05 vs. MO2, ^$ p < 0.05 vs. MO10 (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s honest significant difference post hoc test).