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. 2021 Sep 30;22(19):10598. doi: 10.3390/ijms221910598

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The NAD+ metabolome of biosynthetic pathways of NAD(P)(H), including all metabolites monitored in this study. Metabolites with chemical structures are monitored while those labeled only with acronyms were not monitored in this method. NAD+ consuming enzymes include specifically: sirtuins, ADP-ribosyl cyclases, SARM or PARPs. All enzymatic steps were found in mammalians unless indicated by dashed arrows, according to KEGG [29]. Metabolites with structure: NA: nicotinic acid; NAR: nicotinic acid riboside; Nam: nicotinamide; NR: nicotinamide riboside; NRH: nicotinamide riboside, reduced form; NAMN: nicotinic acid mononucleotide; NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide; NMNH: nicotinamide mononucleotide, reduced form; NAAD: nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide; NAD+: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form; NADP+: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide monophosphate; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide monophosphate, reduced form; Trig: trigonelline; MeNam: N-methylnicotinamide; Me2PY: N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide; Me4PY: N-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide; NUA: nicotinuric acid; NNO: nicotinamide-N-oxide. Metabolites without defined chemical structures (not monitored): Trp: tryptophan; Gln: glutamine; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; PRPP: 5-Phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate. Enzymes: pncA: Nicotinamidase; PNP: purine nucleosidase; NQO2: N-ribosyldihydronicotinamide quinone reductase 2; ADK: adenosine kinase; NAPRT: NA phosphoribosyltransferase; NAMPT: Nam phosphoribosyltransferase; NRK: NR kinase; NMNAT: NMN adenyltransferase; NADSYN: NAD+ synthetase; NADK: NAD+ kinase; NADHK: NADH kinase; AOX: Aldehyde oxidase; NNMT: Nicotinate N-methyltransferase; NaNMT: NA phosphoribosyltransferase; MESH1: NADPH phosphatase; NOCT: nocturnin.