Figure 1.

Mechanisms of angiogenesis induced by adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (ASCs). ASCs promote endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and migration while inhibiting apoptosis. Proliferating and migrating ECs form tubular structures, and this initial vascular network is further organized by vessel sprouting, i.e., formation of new vessels from existing ones in response to angiogenic stimuli. In mature blood vessels, ASCs regulate vascular permeability. Figure created using BioRender.