Table 4.
Association between health-related variables and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 2120).
| Psychological Distress | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | No (n = 908) |
Yes (n = 1212) |
χ2/t | p | Effect Size | |
| Chronic diseases | ||||||
| No | 1505 (71.0) | 75.4 | 67.7 | 15.058 | <0.001 | 0.084 |
| Yes | 614 (29.0) | 24.6 | 32.3 | |||
| Currently taking any medication | ||||||
| No | 1361 (64.2) | 70.9 | 59.2 | 31.270 | <0.001 | 0.121 |
| Yes | 759 (35.8) | 29.1 | 40.8 | |||
| Health care in a health centre, clinic, or hospital in the past 14 days | ||||||
| No | 2007 (94.7) | 96.0 | 93.6 | 5.868 | 0.015 | 0.053 |
| Yes | 113 (5.3) | 4 | 6.4 | |||
| Recent hospitalization in the past 14 days | ||||||
| No | 2111 (99.6) | 99.8 | 99.4 | 1.568 | 0.211 | 0.027 |
| Yes | 9 (0.4) | 0.2 | 0.6 | |||
| Self-rated health in the past 14 days * | 4.02 (0.81) | 4.26 (0.73) | 3.85 (0.83) | 11.930 | <0.001 | 0.520 |
| Recent testing for COVID-19 in the past 14 days | ||||||
| No | 1736 (81.9) | 86.6 | 78.4 | 23.424 | <0.001 | 0.105 |
| Yes | 384 (18.1) | 13.4 | 21.6 | |||
| Recent quarantine in the past 14 days for having symptoms (n = 2106) ** | n = 2040 | n = 66 | ||||
| No | 2040 (96.9) | 98.7 | 95.5 | 16.725 | <0.001 | 0.089 |
| Yes | 66 (3.1) | 1.3 | 4.5 | |||
Note: * Likert-type scale from 1 (very bad) to 5 (very good); ** Fisher’s exact test.