Table 1.

Short overview of the functional modulators of cofilin.

Enzymes	Gene Name	Isoforms/Alternative Names	Roles in Cofilin Regulation Pathway	References
Slingshot phosphatase	SSH	SSH1 SSH2 SSH3	Dephosphorylate cofilin; dephosphorylate coronins	[31,34]
Coronins	CORO	Coronin 1A Coronin 1B Coronin 2A	Induce cofilin activation via SSH1 dephosphorylation, Interact with 14-3-3zeta protein	[35,36]
14-3-3zeta protein	YWHAZ	Protein kinase C inhibitor protein 1 (KCIP-1)	Downregulates cofilin activity via SSH1 deactivation and LIMK activation	[37,38]
Protein kinase D enzymes (PKDs)	PRKD	PKD1 PKD2 PKD3	Decrease cofilin dephosphorylation by promote 14-3-3zeta protein binding with SSH1 and by inducing LIMK1 activation	[39]
Chronophin (CIN)	PDXP	Pyridoxal phosphate phosphatase	Interacts and inhibits Hsp90-mediated LIMK activation, hence induce cofilin phosphorylation	[40,41]
LIM kinases	LIMK	LIMK1 LIMK2	Phosphorylate and inactivate cofilin	[42,43]
TES kinases	TESK	TESK1 TESK2	Phosphorylate and inactivate cofilin	[44,45]
Reelin	RELN	Isoform 1 Isoform 2 Isoform 3	Increase cofilin phosphorylation by inducing LIMK1 activation	[46,47]
SH3 protein interacting with Nck, 90 kDa (SPIN90)	KCKIPSD	54 kDa vimentin-interacting protein (VIP54)	Inhibits cofilin activity by binding	[48]
Cortactin	CTTN	Amplaxin; oncogene EMS1	Downregulates cofilin activity by binding	[49]
Adenylyl cyclase-associated proteins (CAPs)	CAP	CAP1 CAP2	Enhance cofilin activity by synergizing cofilin activity	[50]