Table A1.
Baseline demographic and clinical data of post-kidney transplant COVID-19 patients in a sequence of publication time.
| Study | Country | Number of Patients in the Study | Sex (M/F) | Age (Years) | Ethnicity | Donor Type | Comorbidities | Medications (Immunosuppression + Others) | Time Since Renal-Transplant, Median (Range) or Mean ± SD |
Baseline Serum Cr, Median (Range) mg/dL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akalin et al. [19] | United States | 36 | 26 (72%)/10(28%) | 57.25 ± 12.9 | African American: 14 (39%) Hispanics: 15 (42%) Others: 7 (19%) |
Deceased: 27 (75%) Living: 9 (25%) |
HTN: 34 (94%) DM: 25 (69%) CAD: 6 (17%) Lung disease: 4 (11%) Cancer: 2 (6%) Smoking: 6 (17%) |
Tacrolimus: 35 (97%) Prednisone: 34 (94%) MMF/MPA: 31 (86%) ARB: 8 (22%) |
NA | 2.4 ± 1.63 |
| Bossini et al. [20] | Italy | 53 | 42 (79%)/11(21%) | 59.25 ± 4.9 | NA | Deceased: 48 (91%) Living: 5 (9%) |
HTN: 42 (79%) DM: 11 (21%) CAD: 10 (19%) Previous DVT: 4 (8%) |
CNIs: 48 (90%) Prednisone: 30 (57%) MMF/MPA: 32 (60%) mTORi: 6 (11%) |
9.6 ± 3.5 years | 1.89 ± 0.33 |
| Trujillo et al. [21] | Spain | 26 | 12 (46%)/14 (54%) | 61 ± 14 | Caucasian: 22 (85%) Hispanics: 4 (15%) |
NA | HTN: 24 (92%) DM: 6 (23%) CAD: 0 (0%) Lung disease: 2 (8%) |
CNIs: 24 (92%) Prednisone: 22 (84%) MMF/MPA: 14 (54%) mTORi: 7 (27%) |
7 (4–15) years | 1.9 ± 0.33 |
| Columbia University KT program [22] | United States | 15 | 10 (67%)/5 (33%) | 50.25 ± 16.5 | NA | Deceased: 12 (80%) Living: 3 (20%) |
NA | Tacrolimus: 14 (93%) Prednisone: 10 (67%) MMF/MPA: 12 (80%) Azathioprine: 1 (7%) Leflunomide: 1 (7%) Belatacept: 2 (13%) |
49 (0–232) months (one recent transplant < 3 months) |
NA |
| Nair et al. [23] | United States | 10 | 6 (60%/4 (40%) | 56.05 ± 14.3 | African American: 3 (30%) Caucasian: 4 (40%) Asian: 1 (10%) Others: 2 (20%) |
Deceased: 4 (40%) Living: 5 (50%) Unknown: 1 (10%) |
HTN: 10 (100%) DM: 8 (80%) CAD: 2 (20%) Cancer: 1 (10%) Smoking history: 2 (20%) |
Tacrolimus: 9 (90%) Prednisone: 7 (70%) MMF/MPA: 9 (90%) mTORi: 2 (20%) |
94.0 (4.1–248.0) months | 2.25 ± 1.15 |
| Fernandez-Ruiz et al. [24] | Spain | 8 | 7 (87%)/1 (13%) | 65.75 ± 11.8 | NA | NA | HTN: 8 (100%) DM: 4 (50%) CAD: 1 (12%) PAD: 1 (12%) Obesity: 1 (12%) |
Tacrolimus: 7 (90%) Prednisone: 7 (90%) MMF/MPA: 5 (62%) mTORi: 1 (12%) ARB: 2 (25%) ACEI: 1 (12%) |
7.4 (1.8–30.1) years | NA |
| Zhu et al. [25] | China | 10 | 8 (80%)/2(20%) | 47 ± 11.8 | NA | NA | HTN: 5 (50%) CAD: 3 (12%) PAD: 1 (12%) Obesity: 1 (12%) |
Tacrolimus: 9 (90%) Cyclosporine: 1(10%) Prednisone: 7 (70%) MMF/MPA: 9 (90%) Mizoribine: 1 (10%) |
NA | NA |
| Cavagna et al. [26] | Italy | 6 | 5 (83%)/1 (17%) | 57.5 ± 3.8 | NA | NA | NA | Tacrolimus: 3 (50%) Cyclosporine: 3 (50%) |
NA | NA |
| Fung et al. [27] | United States | 7 | 5 (71%)/2 (29%) | 60.75 ± 9.5 | African American: 3 (43%) Asian: 2 (29%) Hispanics: 1 (14%) Others: 1 (14%) |
Deceased: 4 (57%) Living: 3 (43%) |
HTN: 4 (57%) CAD: 4 (57%) DM: 1 (14%) |
Tacrolimus: 7 (100%) Prednisone: 6 (86%) MMF/MPA: 5 (100%) |
2.9 (0.3–10.8) years 4.2 ± 3.0 |
154 ± 0.75 |
| Abrishami et al. [28] | Iran | 12 | 9 (75%)/3 (25%) | 47.5 ± 10.7 | NA | NA | HTN: 2 (57%) CAD: 4 (57%) DM: 1 (14%) |
NA | 13 (3.0–18) years 11.8 ± 4.3 |
2.14 (0.9–4.6) |
| Hoek et al. [29] | Netherland | 16 (1 kidney with heart |
11(69%)/5 | 56.0 ± 17.3 | NA | Deceased: 5 (31%) Living: 11 (69%) |
NA | CNI: 16 (100%) Steroid: 3 (18%) MMF/MPA: 15 (94%) |
6 (1.5–13) years | NA |
| Mella et al. [30] | Italy | 6 | 6 (100%)/0 (0%) | 55.5 ± 6.9 | NA | Deceased: 2 (33%) Living: 0 (0%) Unknown: 4 (67%) |
HTN: 4 (67%) CAD: 5 (83%) DM: 1 (17%) |
CNI: 6 (100%) Steroid: 6 (100%) MMF: 3 (50%) |
10.7 (0.02–14.7) years | NA |
| Montagud-Marrahi et al. [31] | Spain | 33 (2 KP) |
19 (57.6%)/14 (42.4%) | 57.3 ± 17 | NA | NA | NA | CNIs: 29 (87.8%) Prednisone: 26 (78.8%) MMF/MPA: 21 (62.5%) mTORi: 14 (42.4%) |
10.7 (4–14.7) years | NA |
| Banerjee et al. [32] | UK | 7 | 4 (57%)/3 (43%) | 55.5 ± 6.9 | NA | Deceased: 5 (71%) Living: NA (No details available in 2 cases, 1 has second transplant) |
HTN: 6 (86%) DM: 3 (43%) |
Tacrolimus: 6 (86%) Prednisone: 6 (86%) MMF/MPA: 5 (68%) Azathioprine: 2 (21%) ACEI: 2 (29%) |
(01–360) months NA (2 in ≤ 3 months) |
2.04 (1.5–5.1) |
| Malberti et al. [33] | Italy | 11 | 10 (91%)/1 (9%) | 58.5 ± 11 | NA | NA | HTN: NA DM: 1 (9.1%) CAD: 0 (0%) Cancer: 0 (0%) |
Tacrolimus: 11 (100%) MMF: 11 (100%) |
NA | NA |
| Lubetzky et al. [34] | United States | 39 | 31 (79%)/8 (21%) | 57.5 ± 15.5 | African American: 10 (26%) Hispanics: 14 (36%) Caucasian: 11 (28%) Asian: 4 (10%) |
Deceased: 13 (33%) Living: 26 (67%) |
HTN: 37 (95%) DM: 12 (31%) CAD: 16 (41%) Lung disease: 7 (18%) Smoking: 8 (21%) |
Tacrolimus: 37 (95%) Prednisone: 36 (92%) MMF/MPA: 38 (97%) ACEI: 12 (32%) |
4.7 (0.3–14.4) years | 1.58 ± 0.74 |
| Devresee et al. [35] | Belgium | 18 | 8 (44%)/ 10 (56%) |
54.5 ± 6.3 | African American: 6 (33%) Caucasian: 11 (61%) Asian: 1 (6%) |
NA | HTN: 14 (78%) DM: 4 (22%) CAD: 4 (22%) Cancer: 1 (6%) Obesity: 4 (22%) |
Tacrolimus: 10 (55%) Cyclosporine: 5 (27%) Prednisone: 18 (100%) MMF/MPA: 12 (67%) mTORi: 3 (17%) Azathioprine: 3 (17%) ACEI/ARB: 10 (56%) |
89 (1–402) months (3 in ≤ 3 months) |
NA |
| Crespo et al. [36] | Spain | 414 | 265 (64%)/149 (36%) | 62 ± 3.17 | NA | NA | NA | CNIs: 338 (82%) Prednisone: 310 (75%) MMF/MPA: 297 (50%) mTORi: 94 (23%) |
72 (31–145) months | NA |
| Fava et al. [37] | Spain | 89 | 56 (63%)/33 (37%) | 59.7 ± 13.4 | African American: 4 (5%) Hispanic: 6 (7%) Caucasian: 78 (88%)Asian: 1 (1%) |
Deceased: 75 (84%) Living: 14 (16%) |
HTN: 77 (87%) DM: 25 (28%) CAD: 25 (28%) Lung disease: 14 (16%) Obesity: 24 (27%) Cancer: 7 (8%) Smoking: 8 (50%) |
CNIs: 78 (88%) Prednisone: 81 (91%) MMF/MPA: 73 (82%) mTORi: 18 (20%) ACEI/ARB: 33 (37%) |
4.7 (NA) years (11 in ≤6 months) |
1.8 ± 0.8 |
| Zhang et al. [38] | China | 5 | 4 (80%)/1 (20%) | 45.0 ± 11 | NA | NA | HTN: 2 (40%) DM: 1 (20%) Cancer: 1 (20%) |
CNIs: 5 (100%) Prednisone: 5 (100%) MMF/MPA: 5 (100%) |
1.53 ± 1.2 years | NA |
| Cravedi et al. [39] | Multicentric | 144 | 94 (65.3%)/50 (34.7%) | 61.25 ± 4.90 | African American: 24 (25%) Hispanic: 56 (40%) Caucasian: 43 (31%) Others: 7 (5%) |
Deceased: 112 (78%) Living: 32 (22%) |
HTN: 137 (95%) DM: 75 (52%) CAD: 41 (29%) Lung disease: 27 (19%) Obesity: 71 (50%) Cancer: 22 (15%) Smoking: 39 (29%) |
Tacrolimus: 131 (91%) Prednisone: 125 (87%) mTORi: 11 (7.6%)MMF/MPA: 111 (77%) ARB: 24 (17%) ACEI: 20 (14%) |
5.31 ± 2.1 years | 1.5 ± 0.30 |
| Maritati et al. [40] | Italy | 5 | 3 (60%)/2 (40%) | 66.00 ± 9.27 | NA | Deceased: 4 (80%) Living: 1 (20%) |
HTN: 5 (100%) DM: 1 (20%) CAD: 2 (40%) Obesity: 2 (40%) |
Tacrolimus: 5 (100%) Prednisone: 5 (100%) mTORi: 1 (20%) MMF/MPA: 4 (80%) |
4.20 ± 3.1 years | 1.85 ± 0.80 |
| Elias et al. [41] | France | 66 | 37 (56%)/29 (44%) | 56.40 ± 12.5 | Caucasian: 42 (64%) Others: 24 (36%) |
Deceased: 64 (97%) Living: 2 (3%) |
NA | Tacrolimus: 57 (86%) Prednisone: 55 (83%) MMF/MPA: 61 (92%) Belatacept: 6 (9%) |
4.81 ± 3.9 years | NA |
| Chen et al. [42] | United States | 30 | 16 (53%)/14 (37%) | 56 ± 12 | African American: 22 (73%) Hispanic: 5 (17%) Caucasian: 2 (7%) Asian: 1 (3%) |
Deceased: 18 (60%) Living: 12 (40%) |
HTN: 29 (97%) DM: 14 (47%) CAD: 11 (37%) Lung disease: 0 (0%) Obesity: 10 (33%) |
CNIs: 29 (97%) Prednisone: 30 (100%) MMF/MPA: 12 (40%) |
8.4 ± 2.9 years | 1.9 ± 0.42 |
| Mehta et al. [43] | United States | 34 | 22 (65%)/12 (45%) | 58.6 ± 3.25 | African American: 15 (44%) Hispanic: 8 (23%) Caucasian: 7 (21%) Asian: 2 (7%) |
Deceased: 27 (79%) Living: 7 (21%) |
NA | Tacrolimus: 30 (88%) Prednisone: 34 (100%) Belatacept: 6 (18%) MMF: 33 (97%) mTORi: 1 (3%) |
1.21 ± 0.56 years | NA |
| Silva et al. [44] | Portugal | 5 | 3 (75%)/2 (25%) | 50.4 ± 14.4 | NA | Deceased: 4 (80%) Living: 1 (20%) |
HTN: 5 (100%) DM: 2 (40%) CAD: 1 (20%) Lung disease: 1 (20%) Obesity: 3 (60%) Smoking: 1 (20%) |
CNI: 5 (100%) Prednisone: 5 (100%) MMF: 3 (60%) Azathioprine: 2 (40%) |
5.1 ± 5.9 years | 1.6 ± 0.42 |
| Chavarot et al. [45] | France | 100 | 64 (64%)/36 (36%) | 64.45 ± 5.13 | NA | NA | HTN: 85 (85%) DM: 48 (48%) CAD: 18 (18%) Lung disease: 89 (89%) |
CNI: 78/94 (83%) Prednisone: 91/94 (97%) MMF: 69/94 (73%) mTORi: 8/94 (9%) Azathioprine: 7/94 (7.4%) |
6.4 ± 2.9 years | 1.3 ± 0.26 |
| Meester et al. [46] | US and European countries | 46 | 26 (56%)/20 (44%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Abolghasemi et al. [47] | Iran | 24 | 15 (62.5%)/9 (37.5%) | 47.75 ± 10.09 | NA | Deceased: 18 (75%) Living: 6 (25%) |
HTN: 15 (62.5%) DM: 5 (20%) CAD: 4 (17%) Lung disease: 1 (4%) |
CNI: 22 (92%) Prednisone: 24 (100%) MMF: 20 (83%) mTORi: 1 (4%) Azathioprine: 2 (8%) |
10.3 (1-20) years | NA |
| Cucchiari et al. [48] | Spain | 28 | 18 (64%)/10 (36%) | 54.81 ± 6.3 | NA | NA | NA | CNI: 23 (82%) MPA: 14 (50%) mTORi: 9 (32%) |
5.4 ± 2.5 years | 1.60 ± 0.36 |
| Kute et al. [49] | India | 250 | 215 (86%)/35 (14%) | 43.00 ± 4.6 | NA | Deceased: 24 (9.6%) Living: 226 (90%) |
HTN: 210 (84%) DM: 80 (32%) CAD: 30 (12%) Obesity: 53 (24%) |
CNI: 236 (94%) Prednisone: 250 (100%) MMF: 250 (100%) mTORi: 14 (5.6%) |
3.75 ± 1.29 years | 1.88 ± 0.42 |
| Caillard et al. [50] | France | 243 | 162 (67%)/81 (33%) | 60.75 ± 5.25 | NA | NA | HTN: 201 (83%) DM: 92 (39%) CAD: 81 (33%) Cancer: 35 (14%) Smoking: 30 (12%) |
CNI: 202 (83%) Prednisone: 177 (73%) MMF: 183 (75%) mTORi: 29(12%) Belatacept: 15(6.1%) |
6.08 ± 2.26 years | 2.05 ± 0.42 |
| Kutzler et al. [51] | United States | 10 | NA | 62.60 ± 7.00 | African American: 2 (20%) Hispanic: 3 (30%) Caucasian: 5 (50%) |
NA | HTN: 8 (80%) DM: 5 (50%) CAD: 6 (60%) Cancer: 2 (20%) Obesity: 2 (20%) |
CNI: 5 (50%) Prednisone: 7 (70%) MMF: 5 (50%) mTORi: 1(10%) Belatacept: 10(10%) |
10.98 ± 8.7 years | NA |
| Mairons et al. [52] | Spain | 30 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sharma et al. [53] | United States | 16 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Mohamed et al. [54] | United Kingdom | 35 | 16 (57%)/11 (43%) | 52.75 ± 13.55 | NA | Deceased: 22 (79%) Living: 13 (21%) |
HTN: 23 (85%) DM: 10 (37%) CAD: 5 (18%) Obesity: 21 (75%) Lung disease: 4 (14%) |
CNI: 27/27 (100%) Prednisone: 27/27 (100%) MMF: 21/27 (78%) Azathioprine: 3/27 (10%) |
6.38 ± 5.43 years | 2.08 ± 0.97 |
| Felldin et al. [55] | Sweden | 22 | 18 (82%)/4 (18%) | 54.11 ± 11.26 | NA | NA | HTN: 16 (73%) DM: 7 (32%) CAD: 2 (9%) Lung disease: 2 (9%) Obesity: 10 (45%) |
CNI: 22 (100%) Prednisone: 23 (57.5%) MMF: 12 (55%) Azathioprine: 2 (9%) |
10.99 ± 1.74 years | NA |
| Kates et al. [56] | United States | 318 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Benotmane et al. [57] | France | 40 | 31 (77.5%)/9 (22.5%) | 63.8 ± 3.4 | NA | NA | HTN: 33 (82.5%) DM: 19 (47.5%) CAD: 16 (40%) Lung disease: 9 (22.5%) Obesity: 20 (50%) |
CNI: 35 (87.5%) Prednisone: 23 (57.5%) MMF: 34 (85%) Azathioprine: 1 (2.5%) |
NA | |
| Chaudhry et al. [58] | United States | 38 | 26 (68%)/12 (32%) | 62 ± 5.75 | African American: 31 (81.5%) | NA | HTN: 37 (97%) DM: 27 (71%) CAD: 11 (29%) Lung disease: 5 (13%) Smoking: 7 (18%) |
NA | NA | NA |
| Craig-Schapiro et al. [59] | United States | 80 | 56 (70%)/24 (30%) | 57 ± 9.16 | African American: 21 (26%) Hispanic: 24 (30%) Caucasian: 25 (31%) Asian 9 (11%) |
NA | HTN: 20 (25%) DM: 22 (27%) CAD: 26 (62%) Lung disease: 11 (14%) Smoking: 16 (20%) |
Prednisone: 22 (51%) MMF: 52 (47%) |
NA | 1.3 ± 0.22 |
| Demir et al. [60] | Turkey | 40 | 20 (50%)/20 (50%) | 44.9 ± 14.8 | NA | Deceased: 5 (12.5%) Living: 35 (87.5%) |
HTN: 26 (65%) CAD: 3 (7.5%) Lung disease: 3 (7.5%) |
CNI: 36 (90%) Prednisone: 40 (100%) MMF: 36 (90%) mTORi: 4 (10%) |
74.5 (31.5–128.3) months | 1.6 ± 0.25 |
| Hilbrands et al. [61] | ERACODA Collaborators, Europe | 271 | 118 (43.5%)/153 (56.5%) | 60 ± 12 | African American: 15 (0.06%) Caucasian: 151 (56%) Asian 7 (3%) |
NA | HTN: 172 (63%) DM: 64 (24%) CAD: 37 (14%) Lung disease: 19 (7%) Cancer: 16 (6%) Obesity: 55 (20%) |
CNI: 175 (65%) Prednisone: 173 (64%) MMF: 145 (54%) mTORi: 33 (12%) |
NA | NA |
| Pascual et al. [62] | Spain | 24 | 9 (37.5%)/15 (62.5%) | 62 ± 8.75 | NA | Deceased: 23 (96%) Living: 1 (4%) |
HTN: 22 (92%) DM: 12 (50%) |
CNI: 24 (100%) Prednisone: 24 (100%) MMF: 21 (88%) mTORi: 2 (8%) |
NA | NA |
| Rodriguez-Cubillo et al. [63] | Spain | 29 | 17 (58.6%)/12 (41.4%) | 66 ± 3.25 | NA | NA | HTN: 28 (97%) DM: 2 (40%) Obesity: 15 (52%) |
CNI: 24 (83%) Prednisone: 23 (79%) MMF: 23 (79%) |
NA | NA |
| Sanchez-Alvarez et al. [64] | Spain | 470 | 299 (63.6%)/171 (36.4%) | 60 ± 13 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Oto et al. [65] | Turkey | 109 | 63 (57.8%)/46 (42.2%) | 48.4 ± 12.4 | NA | Deceased: 17 (16%) Living: 92 (84%) |
HTN: 81/106 (76%) DM: 25/107 (23%) CAD: 18/103 (17%) Lung disease: 5/105 (5%) Cancer: 6/105 (6%) Smoking: 23 (21%) |
CNI: 95 (87%) Prednisone: 106 (97%) MMF: 94 (86%) mTORi: 12 (11%) |
5.0 (3.0–9.0) years | 1.5 (1.10–2.19) |
| Elhadedy et al. [66] | United Kingdom | 8 | 4 (50%)/4 (50%) | 50.14 ± 17.5 | NA | NA | HTN: 4/8 (50%) DM: 1/8 (13%) Lung disease: 1/8 (13%) |
CNI: 8/8 (100%) Prednisone: 8/8 (100%) MMF: 7/8 (88%) |
4.6 ± 4.8 years | 3.23 ± 163.60 |
Abbreviations—ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin-II receptor blocker; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CNI: Calcineurin inhibitor; Cr: Creatinine DM: Diabetes mellitus; DVT: Deep vein thrombosis; F: Female; HTN: Hypertension; KT: Kidney transplant; PAD: Peripheral artery disease; mTORi: Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor; M: Male; MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; MPA: Mycophenolic acid; NA: Not available/Not applicable.