Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants.
| Normal (A) (n = 93) |
Possible (B) (n = 91) |
Probable (C) (n = 13) |
Confirmed (D) (n = 273) | p-Value | Post Hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disease duration (days) | 4543.18 ± 2849.75 | 4464.03 ± 2934.87 | 4933.46 ± 3463.31 | 5686.67 ± 3648.57 | 0.004 | A<>D, B<>D |
| Age (years) | 51.33 ± 12.30 | 49.74 ± 11.51 | 53.85 ± 8.92 | 51.32 ± 14.91 | 0.676 | |
| Sex (male) | 48 (51.6) | 48 (52.7) | 5 (38.5) | 176 (64.5) | 0.027 | |
| Height (m) | 1.61 ± 0.09 | 1.62 ± 0.09 | 1.59 ± 0.09 | 1.64 ± 0.09 | 0.006 | A<>D |
| Weight (kg) | 66.10 ± 11.76 | 66.26 ± 11.14 | 62.21 ± 11.41 | 64.29 ± 11.92 | 0.308 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.33 ± 3.81 | 25.26 ± 3.48 | 24.65 ± 4.07 | 23.82 ± 3.66 | 0.001 | A<>D, B<>D |
| Initial BST | 211.78 ± 98.75 | 196.51 ± 87.62 | 178.21 ± 104.57 | 249.06 ± 117.68 | 0.000 | A<>D, B<>D |
| Initial HbA1c | 8.69 ± 2.18 | 8.72 ± 2.06 | 9.03 ± 3.09 | 9.59 ± 2.54 | 0.002 | A<>D, B<>D |
| DM retinopathy | 25 (26.9) | 26 (28.6) | 3 (23.1) | 141 (51.6) | 0.000 | |
| Hypertension | 54 (58.1) | 56 (61.5) | 8 (61.5) | 186 (68.1) | 0.304 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 76 (81.7) | 70 (76.9) | 10 (76.9) | 197 (72.2) | 0.29 | |
| Smoking | ||||||
| No | 61 (65.6) | 57 (62.6) | 12 (92.3) | 163 (59.7) | 0.172 | |
| Current | 18 (19.4) | 19 (20.9) | 1 (7.7) | 57 (20.9) | ||
| Past smoking | 14 (15.1) | 15 (16.5) | 0 (0.0) | 53 (19.4) | ||
| Family history of DM | 28 (30.1) | 51 (56.0) | 4 (30.8) | 106 (38.8) | 0.003 | |
| CAD Hx | 25 (26.9) | 24 (26.4) | 6 (46.2) | 93 (34.1) | 0.248 | |
| CVD Hx | 43 (46.2) | 33 (36.3) | 6 (46.2) | 134 (49.1) | 0.205 | |
| Stroke Hx | 25 (26.9) | 16 (17.6) | 2 (15.4) | 63 (23.1) | 0.427 | |
| Diabetes education | 43 (46.2) | 36 (39.6) | 8 (61.5) | 128 (46.9) | 0.412 | |
| Medications | ||||||
| Metformin | 83 (89.2) | 86 (94.5) | 11 (84.6) | 201 (73.6) | 0.000 | |
| Sulfonylureas | 64 (68.8) | 62 (68.1) | 5 (38.5) | 159 (58.2) | 0.048 | |
| TZDs | 11 (11.8) | 5 (5.5) | 1 (7.7) | 3 (13.6) | 0.158 | |
| DPP4is | 62 (66.7) | 65 (71.4) | 8 (61.5) | 147 (53.8) | 0.011 | |
| SGLT2is | 16 (17.2) | 19 (20.9) | 1 (7.7) | 21 (7.7) | 0.004 | |
| Insulin | 37 (39.8) | 32 (35.2) | 8 (61.5) | 179 (65.6) | 0.000 | |
| CCBs | 32 (34.4) | 26 (28.6) | 7 (53.8) | 104 (38.1) | 0.204 | |
| ACEis | 10 (10.8) | 10 (11.0) | 1 (7.7) | 32 (11.7) | 0.965 | |
| ARBs | 51 (54.8) | 54 (59.3) | 7 (53.8) | 156 (57.1) | 0.933 | |
| BBs | 21 (22.6) | 24 (26.4) | 6 (46.2) | 76 (27.8) | 0.355 | |
| Thiazides | 15 (16.1) | 20 (22.0) | 2 (15.4) | 47 (17.2) | 0.723 | |
| Statins | 78 (83.9) | 70 (76.9) | 10 (76.9) | 192 (70.3) | 0.058 |
Note: Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation or number of subjects (%). p < 0.05 among the four groups by one-way ANOVA for continuous data or likelihood ratio for categorical data. Post hoc testing was performed using the Games–Howell test. Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; BST = blood sugar test; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; DM = diabetes mellitus; Hx = history; CAD = coronary artery disease; CVD = cerebrovascular disease; TZDs = thiazolidinediones; DPP4is = dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; SGLT2is = sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; CCBs = calcium channel blockers, ACEis = angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ABRs = angiotensin II receptor blockers; BBs = beta blockers.