Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics, stratified according to halitosis status.
| No Halitosis (n = 40) |
Halitosis (n = 32) |
p-Value * | Total (n = 72) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (±SD) | 59.5 (±3.6) | 49.9 (±3.2) | 0.066 | 54.6 (±17.6) |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 20 (50.0) | 15 (46.9) | 0.817 | 35 (48.6) |
| Female | 20 (50.0) | 17 (53.1) | 37 (51.4) | |
| Smoking habits, n (%) | ||||
| Current smoker | 13 (32.5) | 7 (21.9) | 0.429 | 20 (27.8) |
| Non-smoker | 27 (67.5) | 25 (78.1) | 52 (72.2) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 10 (25.0) | 7 (21.9) | 0.788 | 12 (16.7) |
| Asthma | 0 (0.0) | 4 (12.5) | 0.035 | 4 (5.6) |
| Self-perceived halitosis, mean (±SD) | 4.0 (2.6) | 4.4 (2.6) | 0.567 | 4.2 (2.6) |
| Oral health conditions, n (%) | ||||
| Poorly adapted restorations | 6 (15.0) | 7 (21.9) | 0.543 | 13 (18.1) |
| Fixed prosthesis | 6 (15.0) | 7 (21.9) | 1.000 | 13 (18.1) |
| Removable prosthetic | 17 (42.5) | 5 (15.6) | 0.012 | 22 (30.6) |
| Caries | 21 (52.5) | 13 (40.6) | 0.350 | 34 (47.9) |
| Retained roots | 6 (15.0) | 5 (15.6) | 1.000 | 11 (15.3) |
| Supragingival calculus | 30 (75.0) | 25 (78.1) | 0.788 | 55 (76.4) |
| Peri-implantitis | 0 (0.0) | 3 (9.4) | 0.083 | 3 (4.2) |
| Presence of implants | 0 (0.0) | 4 (12.5) | 0.035 | 4 (5.6) |
| Recent extraction | 3 (7.5) | 2 (6.3) | 1.000 | 5 (6.9) |
| Presence of dental abscesses | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.3) | 0.194 | 2 (2.8) |
| VSCs, mean (SD) | 38.5 (18.0) | 168.1 (121.3) | <0.001 | 96.1 (103.9) |
* Chi-square test for categorical variables and Mann–Whitney test for continuous variables, p < 0.05 denoted in bold.