Table 1.
Patients’ baseline characteristics and according to AKD development.
| Characteristic | Baseline (n = 339) |
No-AKD (n = 237) |
AKD (n = 87) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 71.7 ± 17.0 | 70.0 ± 17.3 | 74.1 ± 17.0 | 0.055 |
| Gender (Male)—n (%) | 191 (56.3) | 132 (55.7) | 53 (60.9) | 0.400 |
| Comorbidities—n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 238 (70.2) | 154 (65.0) | 72 (82.8) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes | 103 (30.4) | 70 (29.5) | 28 (32.2) | 0.646 |
| CVD | 129 (38.0) | 76 (32.1) | 39 (44.8) | 0.033 |
| CKD | 86 (25.4) | 32 (13.5) | 48 (20.3) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 43 (12.7) | 32 (13.5) | 8 (9.2) | 0.296 |
| Cirrhosis | 14 (4.1) | 13 (5.5) | 2 (2.3) | 0.455 |
| Neoplasia | 53 (15.6) | 31 (13.1) | 15 (17.2) | 0.342 |
| RAAS inhibitors—n (%) | 157 (46.3) | 108 (45.6) | 43 (49.4) | 0.541 |
| Baseline SCr (mg/dL) | 1.03 ± 0.44 | 0.94 ± 0.27 | 1.33 ± 0.66 | <0.001 |
| Baseline eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 71.0 ± 24.6 | 76.1 ± 22.4 | 57.5 ± 24.7 | <0.001 |
| Brescia Score ≥ 2 | 56 (16.5) | 28 (11.8) | 21 (24.1) | 0.004 |
| Laboratory | ||||
| Admission SCr (mg/dL) | 1.60 ± 1.76 | 1.29 ± 0.76 | 2.31 ± 2.68 | <0.0011 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.6 ± 2.3 | 12.8 ± 2.2 | 12.1 ± 2.5 | 0.011 |
| Anemia—n (%) | 144 (42.5) | 92 (38.8) | 44 (50.6) | 0.057 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 3.62 ± 0.50 | 3.50 ± 0.51 | 3.36 ± 0.61 | 0.072 |
| Hypoalbuminemia—n (%) | 162 (47.8) | 101 (42.6) | 55 (63.2) | 0.003 |
| Serum ferritin (ug/dL) | 1255.9 ± 1547.5 | 1243.8 ± 1305.2 | 1228.0 ± 1835.5 | 0.947 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 10.33 ± 9.77 | 11.1 ± 10.2 | 7.90 ± 7.56 | 0.009 |
| Acidemia—n (%) | 38 (11.2) | 18 (7.6) | 19 (21.8) | <0.001 |
| Lactate level (mg/dL) | 14.9 ± 10.2 | 14.2 ± 7.4 | 14.3 ± 8.7 | 0.972 |
| Nephrotoxins—n (%) | 50 (14.7) | 24 (10.1) | 23 (26.4) | <0.001 |
| ICU admission—n (%) | 87 (25.7) | 64 (27.0) | 21 (24.1) | 0.589 |
| Mechanical ventilation—n (%) | 51 (15.0) | 33 (13.9) | 16 (18.4) | 0.353 |
| Vasopressor use—n (%) | 14 (4.1) | 5 (2.1) | 8 (9.2) | 0.005 |
| ARDS—n (%) | 40 (11.8) | 26 (11.0) | 12 (13.8) | 0.515 |
| COVID-19 treatment | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine—n (%) | 95 (28.0) | 56 (23.6) | 38 (43.7) | <0.001 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir—n (%) | 123 (36.3) | 83 (35.0) | 40 (46.0) | 0.076 |
| Tocilizumab—n (%) | 12 (3.5) | 11 (4.6) | 1 (1.1) | 0.143 |
| Corticosteroids—n (%) | 97 (28.6) | 79 (33.3) | 18 (20.7) | 0.040 |
| Remdesivir—n (%) | 35 (10.3) | 34 (14.3) | 1 (1.1) | 0.001 |
| Persistent AKI—n (%) | 186 (54.9) | 84 (35.4) | 47 (54.0) | 0.005 |
| KDIGO stage 1—n (%) | 109 (32.2) | 60 (25.3) | 23 (26.4) | |
| KDIGO stage 2—n (%) | 46 (13.6) | 18 (7.6) | 13 (14.9) | 0.183 |
| KDIGO stage 3—n (%) | 184 (54.3) | 105 (44.3) | 36 (41.4) | |
| RRT requirement—n (%) | 53 (15.6) | 27 (11.4) | 14 (16.1) | 0.338 |
| Mortality within the first week—n (%) | 15 (4.4) | - | - | - |
| AKD—n (%) | 87 (25.7) | - | - | - |
| Discharge SCr (mg/dL) | 1.12 ± 0.81 | 0.82 ± 0.23 | 1.82 ± 1.12 | <0.001 |
| Discharge on HD—n (%) | 3 (0.9) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (2.3) | 0.096 |
| LOS in hospital (days) | 33.6 ± 44.3 | 34.4 ± 43.3 | 38.4 ± 49.6 | 0.475 |
| In-hospital mortality—n (%) | 61 (18.0) | 16 (6.8) | 30 (34.5) | <0.001 |
AKI, acute kidney injury; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CRP, c-reactive protein; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU, intensive care unit; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; LOS, length of stay; NL, neutrophil and lymphocyte; RRT, renal replacement therapy; RAAS, renin angiotensin aldosterone system; SCR, serum creatinine; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment.