Table 1.

Effect of I. batatas on hyperglycemic condition.

Author	Type of Subject	Dosage of Treatment	Extraction Method	Follow Up Duration	Findings	Conclusion
Niwa et al., 2011 [24]	Male Wistar rats injected with Streptozotocin	5 g/kg/day for 8 weeks	Not stated	1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th week	Increased of body weight. Decreased level of blood glucose. Decreased level of glycosylated hemoglobin subunit alpha 1 (HbA1c) in plasma. Decreased level of ketones in urine. Increased level of insulin in serum. Decreased level of superoxide production by leukocytes. Decreased level of 8-hydroxy-2′ -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)s marker in serum. Decreased formation of nitrotyrosine in aorta. Decreased level of TNF-α, and albumin in urine. Decreased level of p38 MAP kinase and phosphorylation in aorta. Increased level of pancreatic β-cell mass.	I. batatas exhibits anti-hyperglycemic effects through the p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway.
Pal et al., 2015 [25]	Male albino Sprague Dawley rats injected with Streptozotocin	100 mg/kg/day for 30 days	Ethanol and aqueous	7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day	Improvement in fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance (OGTT). Reduced blood glucose level. Decreased level of glycosylated HbA1c in plasma. Increased level of insulin in serum. Decreased level of cholesterol and triglycerides in serum. Decreased level of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine in serum. Inhibitory effect is seen on α-glucosidase.	Aqueous extraction of I. batatas is an effective anti- hyperglycemic agent.
Lin et al., 2017 [26]	CN1927, CYY98 of sweet potato leaf extract (SPLE), and 40 °C oven-dried TN64	Not relevant	Ethanol	-	High diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2 -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activity. High level of iron chelating capacity. Increased expression of insulin in hepatocytes. Increased level of Insulin receptor substrate in hepatocyte cells. Increased expressions of glucose transporter-2. Increased TNF-α.	SPLE improves TNF-α -induced insulin resistance by activating insulin signaling.
Tahir et al., 2018 [27]	Male Wistar rats induced with Alloxan monohydrate	4 g/kg/day for 15 days	Methanol and aqueous	3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, and 15th day	Decreased level of calcium and magnesium in liver, kidney, heart, brain, lungs, forelimb, and hind limb.	I. batatas decreases diabetic complications by decreasing calcium and magnesium level in various organs.
Akhtar et al., 2018 [28]	Male Wistar rats induced with Alloxan monohydrate	4 g/kg/day for 14 days	Methanol	3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, and 15th day	Decreased level of blood glucose. Decreased level of glycosylated protein. Decreased level of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol. Increased level of HDL-cholesterol. Increased level of albumin and globulin concentration in liver. Decreased level of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) in hepatocytes.	Methanol extraction of I. batatas is an effective anti-hyperglycemic agent.
Kamal et al., 2018 [29]	Male Wistar rats induced with Alloxan monohydrate	4 g/kg/day for 14 days	Aqueous	3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, and 15th day	Decreased level of blood glucose. Decreased level of glycosylated protein. Decreased level of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol. Increased level of HDL-cholesterol. Increased level of albumin and globulin concentration in liver. Decreased level of SGPT and SGOT in hepatocytes.	Aqueous extraction of I. batatas is an effective anti-hyperglycemic agent in older aged subjects.
Omodamiro et al., 2018 [30]	Adult female albino rats	1000 mg/kg/day or 750 mg/kg/day or 500 mg/kg/day or 250 mg/kg/day for 7 days	Methanol	Every 2 days	Decreased level of blood glucose. Decreased level of total cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentration in serum. Increased level of HDL concentration in serum.	Methanol extraction of 500 mg/kg is an optimum dose for anti-hyperglycemic.
Rafiu et al., 2018 [31]	Adult male Wister strains albino rats induced with Streptozotocin	400 mg/kg/day for 28 days.	Aqueous	Every day	Decreased level of blood glucose. Decreased level of urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Decreased level of packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell (RBC) in serum. Increased level of neutrophils. Decreased level of platelet, white blood cell (WBC), lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Increased level of basophils and monocytes.	Aqueous extraction of 400 mg/kg is an optimum dose for anti-hyperglycemic.
Rafiu et al., 2018 [32]	Adult male Wister strain albino rats induced with Streptozotocin	400 mg/kg/day for 28 days.	Aqueous	Every 2 days	Decreased level of blood glucose. Increased level of glycosylated protein in serum. Decreased level of triglyceride in serum. Decreased level of total cholesterol in serum. Increased level of HDL. Increased level of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphates and calcium in serum. Decreased level of lipid peroxidase and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum. Increased level of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum. Decreased level of glutathione and glutathione-s-transferase in serum.	I. batatas is able to reverse hyperglycemic condition.
Almoraie, 2019 [33]	Adult male Wister albino rats induced with Streptozotocin	200 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks	Aqueous	Not stated	Decreased level of blood glucose. Decreased level of pancreatic MDA. Increased level of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and SOD in serum. Decreased level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and TNF-α. Diminished of cell necrosis in islets of Langerhan’s. Reverse action of hypertrophy in Langerhans islets.	I. batatas is able to reverse hyperglycemic condition, hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory and histopathological changes in pancreas.
Novrial et al., 2020 [34]	Male Sprague Dawley rats induced with Streptozotocin	0.25 g/kg/day or 0.8 g/kg/day or 2.5 g/kg/day for 14 days	Ethanol	6th and 14th day	Reduced level of fasting blood glucose. Decreased level of blood glucose. Low grade of insulitis is seen in islets of Langerhans. Increased expression of β-cell insulin.	I. batatas is an effective hyperglycemic agent.
Refaat et al., 2020 [35]	Adult male albino Sprague Dawley rats induced with Alloxan monohydrate	2.5% or 5% of diet for 28 days	Powdered form (freeze dried)	7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day	Decreased level of blood glucose. Decreased level of alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum. Decreased level of creatinine, uric acid, and urea in serum. Decreased level of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, VLDL-c, HDL-c in serum.	5% of grinded I. batatas leaves in diet is an effective anti-hyperglycemic agent.
Shih et al., 2020 [36]	Male mice induced with Streptozotocin	0.5% or 5% of diet for 8 weeks	Powdered form (freeze dried)	Once a week	Decreased level of plasma glucose. Increased level of insulin. Decreased level of ALT, triglyceride, and TNF-α. Significant restoration of the Langerhans’s areas. Increased expression of insulin-signaling pathway related proteins, phosphorylated insulin receptor, protein kinase B, and membrane glucose transporter 4.	I. batatas exhibits anti- hyperglycemic effects by stimulating the regeneration of pancreatic islet and insulin resistance.
Jiang et al., 2020 [37]	Male mice induced with Streptozotocin	500 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks	Ethanol	Once a week	Increased level of glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism. Decreased level of fasting blood glucose. Decreased level of ALT and AST. Decreased level of lipid peroxidase and MDA in serum. Increased level SOD in serum. Increased level of insulin in serum. Decreased level of glutathione and glutathione-s-transferase in serum. Decreased level of oxidative stress. Increased level of glucose transporter type 2, glucokinase, and insulin receptor α. Up regulation of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Down regulation of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PD) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.	Sweet potato extract stimulates glycolysis and reduces gluconeogenesis.
Luo et al., 2021 [38]	Mice	Not specified	Not specified	Not specified	Increased level of oral glucose tolerance. Decreased level of fasting blood glucose. Increased level of fasting serum insulin. Decreased level of insulin resistance. Increased level of hepatic glycogen. Decreased level of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL. Increased level of HDL. Inhibition of β-cell apoptosis. Up regulation of PI3K and glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling pathway.	I. batatas exhibits anti-hyperglycemic effects through PI3K and glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling pathway.