Figure 1.

TGF-β signalling pathway and Ang II effects via AT₁-R and AT₂-R receptors. Ang II—angiotensin II; AT₁R—angiotensin type I receptor; AT₂R—angiotensin type II receptor; CTGF—connective tissue growth factor; ECM—extracellular matrix; MAPK—mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMP—matrix metalloproteinase; NOX—nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; PAI-1—plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; ROS—reactive oxygen species; Smad 2/3—Smad family member 2/3; TGF-β—transforming growth factor β; TGFβR1,-2,-3—transforming growth factor receptor β1,-2,-3.