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Activation of STAT3 in cancer cells. (A) Inhibition of cancer signaling activates STAT3 pathways. (B) Novel activators of STAT3 secreted by cancer cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer‒associated fibroblast cells, or macrophages. (C) Activators of STAT3 promote cancer growth through immunosuppression. STAT3 target genes IL-6, IL-10, and VEGF are regulated by STAT3. These tumor-associated factors activate STAT3 in the immune system (Modified from [72]).
