Table 1. Demographics, injury mechanism, comorbidity, and presenting physiology of 21,681 TBI patients enrolled in the CENTER-TBI Registry.
| Characteristic | Overall | High-energy TBI | Low-energy TBI | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 21,681 | 13,059 (60.2) | 8,622 (39.8) | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 55 (32–75) | 42 (25–60) | 74 (56–84) | <0.001a |
| Age | ||||
| Under 16 years | 579 (2.7) | 488 (3.7) | 91 (1.1) | <0.001b |
| 16–64 years | 12,782 (59.0) | 9,934 (76.1) | 2,848 (33.0) | |
| 65 years and over | 8,317 (38.4) | 2,635 (20.2) | 5,682 (65.9) | |
| Male | ||||
| Overall | 13,186 (60.8) | 8,833 (67.6) | 4,353 (50.5) | <0.001b |
| Under 16 years | 371 (64.1) | 316 (64.8) | 55 (60.4) | <0.001b |
| 16–64 years | 8,831 (69.1) | 7,044 (70.9) | 1,787 (62.7) | |
| 65 years and over | 3,982 (47.9) | 1,472 (55.9) | 2,510 (44.2) | |
| Place of injury | ||||
| Street/highway | 7,324 (33.8) | 6,328 (48.5) | 996 (11.6) | <0.001b |
| Home/domestic | 8,295 (38.3) | 2,860 (21.9) | 5,435 (63.0) | |
| Work/school | 746 (3.4) | 587 (4.5) | 159 (1.8) | |
| Sport/recreational | 721 (3.3) | 671 (5.1) | 50 (0.6) | |
| Public location | 3,394 (15.7) | 2,000 (15.3) | 1,394 (16.2) | |
| Other | 735 (3.4) | 308 (2.4) | 427 (5.0) | |
| Unknown | 448 (2.1) | 292 (2.2) | 156 (1.8) | |
| Missing | 18 (0.1) | 13 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | |
| Pre-injury health status and medical history | ||||
| Normal healthy patient | 8,688 (40.1) | 7,285 (55.8) | 1,403 (16.3) | <0.001b |
| Mild systemic disease | 6,266 (28.9) | 3,391 (26.0) | 2,875 (33.3) | |
| Severe systemic disease | 5,105 (23.5) | 1,569 (12.0) | 3,536 (41.0) | |
| Life-threatening disease | 523 (2.4) | 116 (0.9) | 407 (4.7) | |
| Taking anticoagulants | 2,578 (11.9) | 744 (5.7) | 1,834 (21.3) | <0.001b |
| Taking platelet aggregate inhibitors | 2,466 (11.4) | 783 (6.0) | 1,683 (19.5) | <0.001b |
| Taking both anticoagulants and platelet aggregate inhibitors | 370 (1.7) | 120 (0.9) | 250 (2.9) | <0.001b |
| Intracranial lesions and taking anticoagulants | 580 (11.7) | 207 (6.5) | 373 (20.9) | <0.001b |
| Intracranial lesions and taking platelet aggregate inhibitors | 679 (13.7) | 269 (8.5) | 410 (23.0) | <0.001b |
| Intracranial lesions and taking both anticoagulants and platelet aggregate inhibitors | 114 (2.3) | 37 (1.2) | 77 (4.3) | <0.001b |
| ED arrival physiology | ||||
| GCS, median (IQR)c | 15 (14–15) | 15 (14–15) | 15 (14–15) | <0.001a |
| GCS | ||||
| Mild TBI (GCS 13–15) | 17,702 (81.6) | 10,270 (78.6) | 7,432 (86.2) | |
| Moderate TBI (GCS 9–12) | 830 (3.8) | 480 (3.7) | 350 (4.1) | |
| Severe TBI (GCS 3–8) | 1,195 (5.5) | 879 (6.7) | 316 (3.7) | |
| No sum | 1,835 (8.5) | 1,366 (10.5) | 469 (5.4) | |
| Hypoxiac | 287 (1.3) | 183 (1.4) | 104 (1.2) | 0.219b |
| Hypotensionc | 434 (2.0) | 322 (2.5) | 112 (1.3) | <0.001b |
| Pupillary reactivityc | <0.001b | |||
| Neither reacting | 552 (2.5) | 419 (3.2) | 133 (1.5) | |
| One reacting | 483 (2.2) | 313 (2.4) | 170 (2.0) | |
| Both reacting | 19,409 (89.5) | 11,694 (89.5) | 7,715 (89.5) |
Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
aBy Mann–Whitney test for non-parametric variable distributions.
bBy chi-squared test.
cMissing data percentage is 5.0%–10% for low- versus high-energy TBI comparison.
ED, emergency department; GCS, Glasgow Coma Score; IQR, interquartile range; TBI, traumatic brain injury.