Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion Criteria

Partial edentulous maxilla (premolars and/or molars) Residual alveolar bone height of less than 5 mm from the original sinus floor to the crest of the alveolar bone in computed tomography images Age: between 20 and 80 years old

Exclusion Criteria

Presence or history of malignant tumor-related therapy (radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy) Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus History of bone metabolism disease (ex: osteoporosis) and related medication (ex: bisphosphonate) Immunodeficiency, infectious disease, or connective tissue disease Immunosuppressant medication (excluding local administration) Severe kidney, liver, blood, bone metabolism or circulatory system disorder that prevents dental surgery Pregnancy, possibly pregnancy, breastfeeding, or considering pregnancy Alcohol or drug abuse Psychological or psychiatric disorders Artificial dialysis Maxillary sinus pathologies Oral infections or uncontrolled periodontal disease Participation in another clinical trial program within 3 months prior to study entry